scholarly journals The Opportunity Framework 2020: Identifying Opportunities to Invest in Securing Collective Tenure Rights in the Forest Areas of Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Global Land ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
Historic Injustice ◽  
Formal Recognition

Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and Afro-Descendant Peoples (IP, LC & ADP) — roughly 2.5 billion people — customarily manage over 50% of the global land mass, but governments currently recognize their legal ownership to just 10% (RRI, 2015). Fortunately, there has been progress in addressing this historic injustice in recent years as governments have begun to pass legislation and achieve court decisions to recognize the historic and customary use and ownership of these lands. A recent stock-taking finds that since 2002, at least 14 additional countries have passed legislation that require governments to recognize these rights. Similarly, there have been positive national and regional level court decisions in numerous countries supporting the formal recognition of the collective land and forest rights of Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and Afro-descendant Peoples. RRI research demonstrates that if only 7 countries implemented these new laws, policies, and court decisions, over 176 million hectares would be transferred from government to Indigenous, local community, and Afro-descendant ownership, benefitting over 200 million people (RRI, 2018). The focus of this report, and the Framework itself, is limited to formal recognition of land and forest rights (i.e. delimitation, mapping, registry, etc.). It does not assess the important and subsequent steps of strengthening community or territorial governance, the enforcement of these rights by governments, or the capacities necessary to enable Indigenous, local community, and Afro-descendant organizations to manage or exploit their resources or engage in enterprises or economic development activities – all of which are essential for sustained and self-determined conservation and development. This Framework focuses on the first step in this longer process.

scholarly journals Estimated area of land and territories of Indigenous Peoples, local communities and Afro-descendants where their rights are not recognized

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Community Management ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Global Land ◽  
Land Mass ◽  
Customary Rights ◽  
National Governments

In 2015, RRI undertook the first global analysis to quantify the amount of land legally recognized by national governments as owned by or designated for Indigenous Peoples and local communities. The study, covering 64 countries comprising 82 percent of global land area, showed that communities legally owned 10 percent of this area and held designated rights to another 8 percent. Yet, some studies suggest that the total area under community management is much greater. Indeed, the leaders of Indigenous, community, and Afro-descendant organizations and expert opinion have long held that communities exercise customary rights on well over 50 percent of the global land mass outside of Antarctica. This report aims to address this gap by offering a first comprehensive effort to develop a global baseline of the total land area with unrecognized rights of Indigenous Peoples, local communities and Afro-descendants. This analysis draws on previous work, emerging evidence, and expert opinion to begin the process of quantifying the full extent of land to which Indigenous Peoples, local communities, and Afro-Descendants have customarily held rights that have yet to be legally acknowledged by states.

scholarly journals Forming and implementing community advisory boards in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Thomas Fitzpatrick ◽  
Bin Wan ◽  
Suzanne Day ◽  
Allison Mathews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Research Ethics ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Advisory Boards ◽  
Community Advisory Boards ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Abstract Background Community advisory boards (CABs) have expanded beyond high-income countries (HICs) and play an increasing role in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) research. Much research has examined CABs in HICs, but less is known about CABs in LMICs. The purposes of this scoping review are to examine the creation and implementation of CABs in LMICs, including identifying frequently reported challenges, and to discuss implications for research ethics. Methods We searched five databases (PubMed, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, and Google Scholar) for publications describing or evaluating CABs in LMICs. Two researchers independently reviewed articles for inclusion. Data related to the following aspects of CABs were extracted from included publications: time, country, financial support, research focus, responsibilities, and challenges. Thematic analyses were used to summarize textual data describing challenges. Results Our search yielded 2005 citations, 83 of which were deemed eligible for inclusion. Most studies (65) were published between 2010 and 2017. Upper-middle-income countries were more likely to have studies describing CABs, with South Africa (17), China (8), and Thailand (7) having the greatest numbers. The United States National Institutes of Health was the main source of financial support for CABs. Many CABs (53/88, 60%) focused on HIV research. Thirty-four studies reported how CABs influenced the informed consent process for clinical trials or other aspects of research ethics. CAB responsibilities were related to clinical trials, including reviewing study protocols, educating local communities about research activities, and promoting the ethical conduct of research. Challenges faced by CABs included the following: incomplete ethical regulations and guidance; limited knowledge of science among members of communities and CABs; unstable and unbalanced power relationships between researchers and local communities; poor CAB management, including lack of formal participation structures and absence of CAB leadership; competing demands for time that limited participation in CAB activities; and language barriers between research staff and community members. Several challenges reflected shortcomings within the research team. Conclusions Our findings examine the formation and implementation of CABs in LMICs and identify several ethical challenges. These findings suggest the need for further ethics training among CAB members and researchers in LMICs.

scholarly journals Use of standardised patients for healthcare quality research in low- and middle-income countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. e001669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada Kwan ◽  
Benjamin Daniels ◽  
Sofi Bergkvist ◽  
Veena Das ◽  
Madhukar Pai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Healthcare Quality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Quality Research ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Standardised Patients

The use of standardised patients (SPs)—people recruited from the local community to present the same case to multiple providers in a blinded fashion—is increasingly used to measure the quality of care in low-income and middle-income countries. Encouraged by the growing interest in the SP method, and based on our experience of conducting SP studies, we present a conceptual framework for research designs and surveys that use this methodology. We accompany the conceptual framework with specific examples, drawn from our experience with SP studies in low-income and middle-income contexts, including China, India, Kenya and South Africa, to highlight the versatility of the method and illustrate the ongoing challenges. A toolkit and manual for implementing SP studies is included as a companion piece in the online supplement.

Understandings of dementia in low and middle income countries and amongst indigenous peoples: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1183-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Johnston ◽  
Robyn Preston ◽  
Edward Strivens ◽  
Sefanaia Qaloewai ◽  
Sarah Larkins
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income

scholarly journals SKIP: emotional well-being intervention

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-48
Author(s):  
Natalie Cook
Keyword(s):  
Local Community ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Community Research ◽  
Culturally Appropriate ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Ethics Policy ◽  
International Projects ◽  
Educational Need

SKIP (Students for Kids International Projects) is a student-led global health charity; each university branch partners with a local non-governmental organisation in their branch country, where they run interventions identified by the local community. Research in these countries has identified an educational need for interventions around emotional well-being. In this article, we reflect on the process of creating culturally appropriate educational resources for children and young people in low- and middle-income countries, to be delivered by non-professionals. SKIP has a Research Ethics Policy. No external ethics approval was required.

scholarly journals EL ÁMBITO LOCAL COMUNITARIO.

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Jorge Hernández Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Social Organization ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Local Autonomy ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Spanish Conquest ◽  
Mexican State

El reclamo de autonomía para los pueblos indígenas se ha expresado de diferentes maneras en cada una de las entidades de México. En Oaxaca esta demanda se traslapa con las exigencias por una mayor independencia municipal. Paradójicamente para este caso, el municipio es un ámbito en el que contienden localidades que buscan el respeto a su gobierno y a sus formas de organización social. La localidad, sustentada en el territorio y otros contenidos identitarios, se ha conformado históricamente después de la conquista española. A lo largo del tiempo, enfrentando diversas vicisitudes, ha mantenido sus particularidades tanto legalmente como de facto. En este texto se describe el proceso mediante el cual se han forjado las autonomías locales y se argumenta que para el caso de Oaxaca la autonomía adquiere mayor relevancia en el nivel local comunitario.   THE LOCAL COMMUNITY AS A REAFFIRMATION OF INDIGENOUS AUTONOMYABSTRACTThe claim of autonomy for indigenous peoples is expressed differently in each Mexican state. In Oaxaca, this claim overlaps demands for greater municipal independence. Paradoxically, in this case, the municipality is an scope in which different local communities contend in search of respect for their own government and forms of social organization. Historically speaking, the local community, based on territory and other identity-related contents, was constituted after the Spanish Conquest. Throughout time, and facing various vicissitudes, the local community has maintained its specificities both legally and in practice. This article describes the process through which local autonomy has been forged and argues that in the case of Oaxaca, autonomy acquires greater relevance at the level of the local communities.

Some Conditions for Task Shifting in Low and Middle-Income Countries

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joop de Jong ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Robert Macy ◽  
Aline & Herman Ndayisaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Task Shifting ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Low And Middle Income
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