scholarly journals SUPPRESSIVE EFFECT OF ACUPUNCTURE STIMULATION TO THE SACRAL SEGMENT ON THE STATE OF VIGILANCE AND THE BRAINSTEM CHOLINERGIC NEURONS

2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUI WANG ◽  
YOSHIMASA KOYAMA ◽  
EIICHI JODO ◽  
YUKIHIKO KAYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
The State ◽  
Acupuncture Stimulation ◽  
Sacral Segment ◽  
State Of Vigilance

Acupuncture stimulation to the sacral segment affects state of vigilance in rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Yoshiyuki Tanaka ◽  
Hideo Seki ◽  
Eiich Jodo ◽  
Yukihiko Kayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acupuncture Stimulation ◽  
Sacral Segment ◽  
State Of Vigilance

scholarly journals Cortically projecting basal forebrain parvalbumin neurons regulate cortical gamma band oscillations

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 3535-3540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tae Kim ◽  
Stephen Thankachan ◽  
James T. McKenna ◽  
James M. McNally ◽  
Chun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basal Forebrain ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Gamma Band ◽  
The State ◽  
Feature Binding ◽  
Higher Cognitive Functions ◽  
Gamma Band Oscillations ◽  
40 Hz

Cortical gamma band oscillations (GBO, 30–80 Hz, typically ∼40 Hz) are involved in higher cognitive functions such as feature binding, attention, and working memory. GBO abnormalities are a feature of several neuropsychiatric disorders associated with dysfunction of cortical fast-spiking interneurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). GBO vary according to the state of arousal, are modulated by attention, and are correlated with conscious awareness. However, the subcortical cell types underlying the state-dependent control of GBO are not well understood. Here we tested the role of one cell type in the wakefulness-promoting basal forebrain (BF) region, cortically projecting GABAergic neurons containing PV, whose virally transduced fibers we found apposed cortical PV interneurons involved in generating GBO. Optogenetic stimulation of BF PV neurons in mice preferentially increased cortical GBO power by entraining a cortical oscillator with a resonant frequency of ∼40 Hz, as revealed by analysis of both rhythmic and nonrhythmic BF PV stimulation. Selective saporin lesions of BF cholinergic neurons did not alter the enhancement of cortical GBO power induced by BF PV stimulation. Importantly, bilateral optogenetic inhibition of BF PV neurons decreased the power of the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response, a read-out of the ability of the cortex to generate GBO used in clinical studies. Our results are surprising and novel in indicating that this presumptively inhibitory BF PV input controls cortical GBO, likely by synchronizing the activity of cortical PV interneurons. BF PV neurons may represent a previously unidentified therapeutic target to treat disorders involving abnormal GBO, such as schizophrenia.

Relative contributions of the nervous system and hormones to CNS-mediated hyperglycemia

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (6) ◽  
pp. E920-E927 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Iguchi ◽  
M. Gotoh ◽  
H. Matsunaga ◽  
A. Yatomi ◽  
A. Honmura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Total Glucose ◽  
Glucagon And Insulin ◽  
Intact Rats

We quantitatively determined the relative contributions of hormonal factors and the nervous system to the total glucose response after stimulation of the cholinergic neurons in the central nervous system of fed rats. Hepatic venous plasma glucose, glucagon, insulin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine were measured during 120 min after injection of neostigmine (5 X 10(-8) mol) into the third cerebral ventricle in rats subjected to bilateral adrenodemedullation (ADMX) to prevent epinephrine secretion (observed insulin secretion), with and without intravenous infusion of somatostatin to prevent glucagon and insulin secretion. Injection of neostigmine in intact rats resulted in increases in glucose, glucagon, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Comparison of glucose areas suggests that 22% of the hyperglycemic response is due to the glucagon effect, that 29% is due to the epinephrine effect, and that an unknown factor other than epinephrine or glucagon, which may include activation through direct neural innervation of the liver via alpha-adrenergic receptor, contributes 49%. The suppressive effect of epinephrine on insulin secretion, which is potentially stimulated by direct neural activation of the pancreas, contributes 18% of the net hyperglycemia.

Non-Intrusive Detection of Drowsy Driving Based on Eye Tracking Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (6) ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Shahidi Zandi ◽  
Azhar Quddus ◽  
Laura Prest ◽  
Felix J. E. Comeau
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Binary Classification ◽  
The State ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Drowsy Driving ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
State Of Vigilance

Drowsy driving is one of the leading causes of motor vehicle accidents in North America. This paper presents the use of eye tracking data as a non-intrusive measure of driver behavior for detection of drowsiness. Eye tracking data were acquired from 53 subjects in a simulated driving experiment, whereas the simultaneously recorded multichannel electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were used as the baseline. A random forest (RF) and a non-linear support vector machine (SVM) were employed for binary classification of the state of vigilance. Different lengths of eye tracking epoch were selected for feature extraction, and the performance of each classifier was investigated for every epoch length. Results revealed a high accuracy for the RF classifier in the range of 88.37% to 91.18% across all epoch lengths, outperforming the SVM with 77.12% to 82.62% accuracy. A feature analysis approach was presented and top eye tracking features for drowsiness detection were identified. Altogether, this study showed a high correspondence between the extracted eye tracking features and EEG as a physiological measure of vigilance and verified the potential of these features along with a proper classification technique, such as the RF, for non-intrusive long-term assessment of drowsiness in drivers. This research would ultimately lead to development of technologies for real-time assessment of the state of vigilance, providing early warning of fatigue and drowsiness in drivers.

scholarly journals Suppression of idiotype and generation of suppressor T cells with idiotype-conjugated thymocytes.

1979 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Dohi ◽  
A Nisonoff
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
The State ◽  
Suppressor T Cells ◽  
Specific Suppression ◽  
Specific Suppressor T Cells ◽  
Idiotypic Antibody

Inoculation of A/J mice with syngeneic thymocytes conjugated with specifically purified A/J anti-phenylarsonate (anti-Ar) antibodies, selectively suppressed the subsequent synthesis of those anti-Ar antibodies which carry the major cross-reactive idiotype. High titers of anti-Ar antibodies were produced upon subsequent immunization but in most mice the idiotype was undetectable. Suppression similarly occurred in F1(A/J X BALB/c) and in C.AL-20 mice. Although some mice were suppressed when unconjugated antibody was injected, the suppressive effect was much more pronounced, particularly in the F1 and C.AL-20 recipients, when the antibody was coupled to thymocytes. The state of suppression could be adoptively transferred with T cells to mildly irradiated syngeneic recipients. A population enriched for B cells had little if any suppressive effect. There was no requirement for antigen in the generation of suppressors. Thymocytes conjugated with antibody did not induce idiotype-specific suppression in mice that had been recently challenged with antigen. Thymocytes from BALB/c and C57BL/10 mice were effective carriers for the anti-Ar antibodies, i.e., there was no evidence for H-2 restriction. The experiments demonstrate the feasibility of suppressing idiotype production and generating idiotype-specific suppressor T cells without the use of anti-idiotypic antibody or antigen.

NREM sleep is the state of vigilance that best identifies the epileptogenic zone in the interictal electroencephalogram

Epilepsia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 2404-2415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Klimes ◽  
Jan Cimbalnik ◽  
Milan Brazdil ◽  
Jeffery Hall ◽  
François Dubeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
The State ◽  
Epileptogenic Zone ◽  
State Of Vigilance

scholarly journals Do False Predictions of Seizures Depend on the State of Vigilance? A Report from Two Seizure-Prediction Methods and Proposed Remedies

Epilepsia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2058-2070 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Schelter ◽  
Matthias Winterhalder ◽  
Thomas Maiwald ◽  
Armin Brandt ◽  
Ariane Schad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Prediction Methods ◽  
Seizure Prediction ◽  
State Of Vigilance

scholarly journals Acupuncture Stimulation Alleviates Corticosterone-Induced Impairments of Spatial Memory and Cholinergic Neurons in Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bombi Lee ◽  
Bong-Jun Sur ◽  
Sunoh Kwon ◽  
Euntaek Jung ◽  
Insop Shim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Water Maze ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Neuroprotective Activity ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Acupuncture Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

The purpose of this study was to examine whether acupuncture improves spatial cognitive impairment induced by repeated corticosterone (CORT) administration in rats. The effect of acupuncture on the acetylcholinergic system was also investigated in the hippocampus. Male rats were subcutaneously injected with CORT (5 mg/kg) once daily for 21 days. Acupuncture stimulation was performed at the HT7 (Sinmun) acupoint for 5 min before CORT injection. HT7 acupoint is located at the end of transverse crease of ulnar wrist of forepaw. In CORT-treated rats, reduced spatial cognitive function was associated with significant increases in plasma CORT level (+36%) and hippocampal CORT level (+204%) compared with saline-treated rats. Acupuncture stimulation improved the escape latency for finding the platform in the Morris water maze. Consistently, the acupuncture significantly alleviated memory-associated decreases in cholinergic immunoreactivity and mRNA expression of BDNF and CREB in the hippocampus. These findings demonstrate that stimulation of HT7 acupoint produced significant neuroprotective activity against the neuronal impairment and memory dysfunction.

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