Influenza A virus infection of human respiratory epithelium : tissue tropism and innate immune responses

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-yi Chan
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza A Virus Infection

scholarly journals Innate Immune Response to Influenza Virus at Single-Cell Resolution in Human Epithelial Cells Revealed Paracrine Induction of Interferon Lambda 1

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (20) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Ramos ◽  
Gregory Smith ◽  
Frederique Ruf-Zamojski ◽  
Carles Martínez-Romero ◽  
Miguel Fribourg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Single Cell Level ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Cell Level

ABSTRACT Early interactions of influenza A virus (IAV) with respiratory epithelium might determine the outcome of infection. The study of global cellular innate immune responses often masks multiple aspects of the mechanisms by which populations of cells work as organized and heterogeneous systems to defeat virus infection, and how the virus counteracts these systems. In this study, we experimentally dissected the dynamics of IAV and human epithelial respiratory cell interaction during early infection at the single-cell level. We found that the number of viruses infecting a cell (multiplicity of infection [MOI]) influences the magnitude of virus antagonism of the host innate antiviral response. Infections performed at high MOIs resulted in increased viral gene expression per cell and stronger antagonist effect than infections at low MOIs. In addition, single-cell patterns of expression of interferons (IFN) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) provided important insights into the contributions of the infected and bystander cells to the innate immune responses during infection. Specifically, the expression of multiple ISGs was lower in infected than in bystander cells. In contrast with other IFNs, IFN lambda 1 (IFNL1) showed a widespread pattern of expression, suggesting a different cell-to-cell propagation mechanism more reliant on paracrine signaling. Finally, we measured the dynamics of the antiviral response in primary human epithelial cells, which highlighted the importance of early innate immune responses at inhibiting virus spread. IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus (IAV) is a respiratory pathogen of high importance to public health. Annual epidemics of seasonal IAV infections in humans are a significant public health and economic burden. IAV also causes sporadic pandemics, which can have devastating effects. The main target cells for IAV replication are epithelial cells in the respiratory epithelium. The cellular innate immune responses induced in these cells upon infection are critical for defense against the virus, and therefore, it is important to understand the complex interactions between the virus and the host cells. In this study, we investigated the innate immune response to IAV in the respiratory epithelium at the single-cell level, providing a better understanding on how a population of epithelial cells functions as a complex system to orchestrate the response to virus infection and how the virus counteracts this system.

scholarly journals The amazing innate immune response to influenza A virus infection

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Tripathi ◽  
Mitchell R White ◽  
Kevan L Hartshorn
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Influenza A Virus Infection
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