scholarly journals Environmental aspects of rail vehicles with combustion engines

Rail Vehicles ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Włodzimierz Stawecki
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Method Of Evaluation

This paper covers the environmental issues related to the operation of rail vehicles. The evaluation of the environmental impact is based in most cases on a comparison of the current state of the internal combustion engine (its emissivity) with emission limit values of harmful exhaust components. These values relate to specific emission tests for engines or vehicles. For the national rail vehicles operating conditions these requirements take a slightly different form, as having a wide range of rolling stock markedly alters the environmental impact of these vehicles. Thus it becomes necessary to consider the issue of the method of evaluation of engine emissions in rail vehicles in terms of their actual operating conditions. Thus, efforts to assess the actual level of emissivity for rail vehicles and attempts to improve it are necessary and justified.

scholarly journals PEMS-based investigations into exhaust emissions from non-road and rail vehicles

2016 ◽  
Vol 166 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Jerzy Merkisz ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Jacek Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
The Road ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mobile Machinery ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Method Of Evaluation

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, one of the major challenges of humanity was to reduce the negative effects of civilization development. Besides the engines used in road vehicles there is a large group of engines for non-road applications. This group includes motor propelled vehicles not used on the road NRMM (Non-Road Mobile Machinery). Engines of these vehicles, among all of the non-road applications, are characterized by very specific working conditions that do not allow for them to be qualified for propulsion engines. The main problem with these vehicles is the particulate matter and nitrogen oxides emission. Rail vehicles operating conditions these requirements take by the similar way, as having a wide range of rolling stock markedly alters the environmental impact of these vehicles. Thus it becomes necessary to consider the issue of the method of evaluation of engine emissions in rail vehicles in terms of their actual operating conditions. Thus, efforts to assess the actual level of emissivity for rail vehicles and attempts to improve it are necessary and justified.

scholarly journals Selected aspects of proper integration between ERTMS/ETCS on-board and trackside devices.

2019 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 05008
Author(s):  
Dominik Adamski ◽  
Andrzej Białoń ◽  
Zwadka Łukasz
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Rolling Stock ◽  
Railway Line ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Rail System ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Compliance Tests ◽  
Research Institute

Achieving the interoperability of the European rail system requires many measures to unify technical solutions as well as regulations in each Member State. However, there is a possibility of some incompatibilities between individual subsystems despite generating them in accordance with unified applicable requirements. It is possible that the interoperable rolling stock will not be able to move freely over the interoperable railway line due to some incompatibilities and differences in the versions of the installed firmware in the ERTMS/ETCS system devices. In connection with the above the correct integration of rail vehicles with track-side equipment should be examined by means of tests under operating conditions. The article presents compliance tests of the correct integration of the on-board subsystem with the track-side subsystem which are carried out by the Railway Research Institute.

Contactless Shaft Torque Detection for Wide Range Performance Measurement of Exhaust Gas Turbocharger Turbines

2013 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhardt Lüddecke ◽  
Dietmar Filsinger ◽  
Jan Ehrhard ◽  
Bastian Steinacher ◽  
Christian Seene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Torque Measurement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shaft Torque

Turbochargers develop away from an auxiliary component—being “off the shelve”—towards an integrated component of the internal combustion engine. Hence, increased attention is paid to the accuracy of the measured turbine and compressor maps. Especially turbine efficiency measurement under engine-relevant operating conditions (pulsed flow) is recently receiving increased attention in the respective research community. Despite various turbine map extrapolation methods, sufficient accuracy of the input test data is indispensable. Accurate experimental data are necessary to achieve high quality extrapolation results, enabling a wide range and precise prediction of turbine behavior under unsteady flow conditions, determined by intermittent operation of the internal combustion engine. The present work describes the first application of a contactless shaft torque measurement technique—based on magnetostriction—to a small automotive turbocharger. The contactless torque measuring system is presented in detail and sensor principle as well as sensor calibration are illustrated. A sensitivity study regarding sensor position influences onto sensor signal proves the robustness and very good repeatability of the system. In the second part of the paper, steady state experimental results from operation on a conventional hot gas test stand over a wide map range are presented. These results are validated against full turbine stage (adiabatic as well as diabatic) CFD results as well as against “cold” efficiency measurements, based on measured inlet and outlet temperatures. The influence and relevance of bearing friction for such measurements is underlined and the improvements on this matter—achieved by direct torque measurement—are demonstrated.

A Mean-Value Model of Internal Combustion Engine Based on Variable Valve Phase Timing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Navid Khatami ◽  
Olusegun J. Ilegbusi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Mean Value Model ◽  
Variable Valve ◽  
Value Model

A simplified Mean-Value Model (MVM) is developed to represent spark ignition engine functions. The model is based on variable valve phase angle over a wide range of operating conditions. Gas exchange dynamics is simulated to determine the mass air flow into the cylinder. This flow is altered by variable valve phase mechanism. In this paper, phasing the exhaust and intake valves is considered equally (dual equal) and is equipped with hydraulics Continuous Variable Valve Timing (CVVT) mechanism. The model developed reflects these modifications and uses gas exchange dynamics to capture valve phase, manifold pressure, and engine rotating speed. The values of flow rates from this simplified mathematical model is compared and validated with engine-dynamometer experimental data. The results show strong agreement in a wide range of operating points while the variation of phase angle is limited to nominal values.

scholarly journals Simulation of small-scale waste biomass gasification integrated power production: acomparative performance analysis for timber and wood waste

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Safarian ◽  
Runar Unnthorsson ◽  
Christiaan Richter
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Biomass Gasification ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Wood Waste ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Electrical Efficiency ◽  
Wide Range

<div data-canvas-width="75.53283108244308">A simulation model for integrated waste biomass gasification with cogeneration heat and power has been developed using Aspen Plus. The model can be used as a predictive tool for optimization of the gasifier performance. The system has been modeled in four stages. Firstly, moisture content of biomass is reduced. Secondly biomass is decomposed into its elements by specifying yield distribution. Then gasification reactions have been modeled using Gibbs free energy minimization approach. Finally, power is generated through the internal combustion engine as well as heat recovery system generator. In simulation study, the operating parameters like temperature, equivalence ratio (ER) and biomass moisture content are varied over wide range and their effect on syngas composition, low heating value (LHV) and electrical efficiency (EE) are investigated. Overally, increasing temperature and decreasing ER and MC lead to improvement of the gasification performance. However, for maximum electrical efficiency, it is important to find the optimal values of operating conditions.</div><div data-canvas-width="156.02508062890539">The optimum temperature, ER and MC of the down draft gasifier for timber and wood waste are 800 ̊C, 0.2- 0.3 and 5%. At such optimum conditions, CO and H</div><div>2 reach to the highest production and LHV and EE are around 7.064 MJ Nm-3 and 45%, respectively.</div>

Performance and Emissions Characteristics Investigation of a Bi-Fuel SI Engine Fuelled by CNG and Gasoline

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abazar Shamekhi ◽  
Nima Khatibzadeh ◽  
Amir H. Shamekhi
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Engine Fuel ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Performance And Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Sources

Nowadays, increased attention has been focused on internal combustion engine fuels. Regarding environmental effects of internal combustion engines particularly as pollutant sources and depletion of fossil fuel resources, compressed natural gas (CNG) has been introduced as an effective alternative to gasoline and diesel fuel in many applications. A high research octane number allows combustion at higher compression ratios without knocking and good emission characteristics of HC and CO are major benefits of CNG as an engine fuel. In this paper, CNG as an alternative fuel in a spark ignition engine has been considered. Engine performance and exhaust emissions have been experimentally studied for CNG and gasoline in a wide range of the engine operating conditions.

Contactless Shaft Torque Detection for Wide Range Performance Measurement of Exhaust Gas Turbocharger Turbines

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhardt Lüddecke ◽  
Dietmar Filsinger ◽  
Jan Ehrhard ◽  
Bastian Steinacher ◽  
Christian Seene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Sensitivity Study ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Torque Measurement ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Shaft Torque

Turbochargers develop away from an auxiliary component — being “off the shelve” — towards an integrated component of the internal combustion engine. Hence, increased attention is paid to the accuracy of the measured turbine and compressor maps. Especially turbine efficiency measurement under engine-relevant operating conditions (pulsed flow) is recently receiving increased attention in the respective research community. Despite various turbine map extrapolation methods, sufficient accuracy of the input test data is indispensable. Accurate experimental data are necessary to achieve high quality extrapolation results, enabling a wide range and precise prediction of turbine behavior under unsteady flow conditions, determined by intermittent operation of the internal combustion engine. The present work describes the first application of a contactless shaft torque measurement technique — based on magnetostriction — to a small automotive turbocharger. The contactless torque measuring system is presented in detail and sensor principle as well as sensor calibration are illustrated. A sensitivity study regarding sensor position influences onto sensor signal proves the robustness and very good repeatability of the system. In the second part of the paper, steady state experimental results from operation on a conventional hot gas test stand over a wide map range are presented. These results are validated against full turbine stage (adiabatic as well as diabatic) CFD results as well as against “cold” efficiency measurements, based on measured inlet and outlet temperatures. The influence and relevance of bearing friction for such measurements is underlined and the improvements on this matter — achieved by direct torque measurement — are demonstrated.

scholarly journals Issues of emission evaluation of road-rail vehicles in the aspect of current type approval regulations

2019 ◽  
Vol 178 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-273
Author(s):  
Paweł DASZKIEWICZ ◽  
Łukasz RYMANIAK ◽  
Michalina KAMIŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Engine Test Bench ◽  
Rail Vehicles ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
The Impact

One of the ways to reduce exhaust emissions from vehicles is to replace worn-out shunting locomotives with road-rail tractors. The main purpose of this solution is to reduce the negative environmental impact of the vehicle and to reduce the fuel consumption compared to a shunting locomotive performing the same work. The tests on exhaust emissions of rail vehicles are carried out on an engine test bench, making it impossible to determine the environmental performance of these vehicles during real operation. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out measurements in real operating conditions in order to obtain reliable reference results. This enables the verification of vehicles ecological indicators in a wide range of operational work parameters. It is possible to obtain reliable results regarding the impact of the tested vehicle on the natural environment in this way and compare them with the applicable emission standards.

Experimental Data Processing Techniques to Map the Performance of a Spark Ignition Engine

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
S P Stevens ◽  
P J Shayler ◽  
T H Ma
Keyword(s):  
Data Processing ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Experimental Data Processing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Processing Techniques

Mapping the performance of an internal combustion engine over a wide range of operating conditions is a common procedure during development. The generation and post-processing of the data are high-cost activities. Two approaches which offer advantages over parametric test plans have been investigated. A statistically designed matrix of tests has been employed to map engine stability and combustion performance parameters. This approach minimizes the number of tests required and post-processing techniques provide valuable insight to relationships which exist between variables. This is particularly useful and efficient when qualitative trends are of prime interest. When large data sets are necessarily acquired and quantitative relationships between variables are of particular concern, then data processing using neural networks is shown to be an effective approach. The use of this technique is illustrated by application to evaluate relationships between engine-out emissions and engine state variables.

OTPA method-based contribution analysis of components on the vibration of fuel cell in fuel cell vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (3) ◽  
pp. 3720-3730
Author(s):  
Zequn Nan ◽  
Matthias Behrendt ◽  
Mengting Lu ◽  
Manuel Petersen ◽  
Albert Albers
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Cell System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Cell Vehicle ◽  
Vibration Source ◽  
Fuel Cell System ◽  
Transfer Path ◽  
Wide Range

Due to the introduction of auxiliary components in fuel cell vehicle powertrains and absence of internal combustion engine, the vibration sources and transfer paths are very different from conventional vehicles. These vibrations interact on the output performance of the fuel cell system. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the vibration characteristics of the fuel cell system under vehicle operating conditions. IPEK conducted vehicle measurements regarding different driving manoeuvres and environments. In order to quantitatively evaluate contributions of each vibration source on the total vibration of fuel cell, frequency-domain contribution was investigated based on Operational Transfer Path Analysis method with the singular value decomposition as well as principal component. The results of vibration in Z-direction in the vehicle coordinate system show that the hydrogen pump dominantly contributes to the vibration of fuel cell in a wide range of frequency in the majority of the driving manoeuvres. However, the results vary in various driving manoeuvres, environments and frequencies. The Paper will discuss in detail the vibrational contributions in X-, Y- and Z-direction.

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