Transdermal Fentanyl Patches in Small Animals

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 468-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik H. Hofmeister ◽  
Christine M. Egger
Keyword(s):  
Postoperative Period ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl ◽  
Fentanyl Citrate ◽  
Patch Application ◽  
Transdermal Route

Fentanyl citrate is a potent opioid that can be delivered by the transdermal route in cats and dogs. Publications regarding transdermal fentanyl patches were obtained and systematically reviewed. Seven studies in cats and seven studies in dogs met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Dogs achieved effective plasma concentrations approximately 24 hours after patch application. Cats achieved effective plasma concentrations 7 hours after patch application. In dogs, transdermal fentanyl produced analgesia for up to 72 hours, except for the immediate 0- to 6-hour postoperative period. In cats, transdermal fentanyl produced analgesia equivalent to intermittent butorphanol administration for up to 72 hours following patch application.

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetic Profile of Fentanyl in the Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) after Intravenous Administration, and Absorption via a Transdermal Patch

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3550
Author(s):  
Fumie Tokonami ◽  
Benjamin Kimble ◽  
Merran Govendir
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽  
Constant Infusion ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Fentanyl Patch ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl ◽  
Phascolarctos Cinereus ◽  
Patch Application ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl Patch

Fentanyl was administered as a single intravenous bolus injection at 5 µg/kg to five koalas and fentanyl plasma concentrations for a minimum of 2 h were quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The median (range) fentanyl elimination half-life and clearance were 0.53 (0.38–0.91) h, and 10.01 (7.03–11.69) L/kg/h, respectively. Assuming an analgesic therapeutic plasma concentration of 0.23 ng/mL (extrapolated from human studies), an intravenous constant infusion rate was estimated at approximately between 1.7 to 2.7 µg/kg/h (using the clearance 95% confidence intervals). A transdermal fentanyl patch was applied to the antebrachium of an additional two koalas for 72 h. Fentanyl plasma concentrations were determined during the patch application and after patch removal at 80 h. The fentanyl plasma concentration was greater than 0.23 ng/mL after 12 to 16 h. While the patch was applied, the maximum fentanyl concentration was approximately 0.7 ng/mL from 32 to 72 h. Fentanyl plasma concentrations increased to 0.89 ng/mL 1 h after the patch was removed, and then decreased to a mean of 0.47 ng/mL at 80 h. The transdermal fentanyl patch is likely to provide some level of analgesia but should be initially co-administered with another faster acting analgesic for the first 12 h.

A study of the use of a transdermal fentanyl patch in cats

1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Scherk-Nixon
Keyword(s):  
Pain Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Therapeutic System ◽  
Fentanyl Patch ◽  
Postoperative Pain Control ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl ◽  
Fentanyl Citrate ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Continuous Delivery ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl Patch

A transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) has been developed for the continuous delivery of fentanyl citrate to provide ongoing analgesia in human patients with chronic pain. Several researchers believe that fentanyl transdermal patches have a place in postoperative pain control. The purpose of this study was to determine whether transdermal technology is an effective way of administering fentanyl to feline patients. Fentanyl patches were applied to the skin of six cats, and blood samples for fentanyl analysis were collected over 104 hours. This study establishes that the transdermal patch technology is an effective, long-lasting, cost-effective, noninvasive, and well-tolerated mode of deliverying fentanyl to cats.

scholarly journals TRANSDERMAL FENTANYL: PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THERAPY IN CANCER PATIENTS. PART 2. APPLICATION FEATURES OF TRANSDERMAL FENTANYL FORMULATIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 238-245
Author(s):  
Aleksander V. Sidorov
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Patch Application ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Efficacy Assessment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fentanyl Administration

Second part of the article summarizes factors influencing transdermal phentanyl pharmacokinetics. Data obtained from genetic studies of factors that could explain the individual variability in fentanyl activity are given. Main aspects of transdermal fentanyl administration with regard to the dosage, patch application and efficacy assessment as well as adverse effects and drug interactions are reviewed. Besides the most common medication errors related to transdermal opioid are analyzed.

A new once-a-day fentanyl citrate patch (Fentos® Tape) could be a new treatment option in patients with end-of-dose failure using a 72-h transdermal fentanyl matrix patch

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1053-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuhiko Koike ◽  
Takeshi Terui ◽  
Tomokazu Nagasako ◽  
Iori Horiuchi ◽  
Takayuki Machino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Option ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl ◽  
Fentanyl Citrate ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Matrix Patch

Morphine sulfate, transdermal fentanyl citrate and ketorolac tromethamine: effects on postoperative pulmonary function

1993 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
HH Mason
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Morphine Sulfate ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl ◽  
Fentanyl Citrate ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Postoperative Pulmonary Function ◽  
Adequate Pain Relief ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs

The physiological effects of morphine sulfate and fentanyl citrate on postoperative pulmonary function demonstrate varying degrees of respiratory depression related to dose, route of administration and pre-existing pathologies. Current postoperative analgesic therapies that include concomitant use of narcotic agonists and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs require adjustment of drug dosages to provide adequate pain relief while avoiding drug-induced complications. Specific nursing considerations include understanding therapeutic and adverse effects of these agents on pain and ventilation, continuous pain assessment and early recognition and treatment of respiratory depression.

The role of transdermal buprenorphine in the treatment of chronic pain in elderly patients

Ból ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Marek Widenka ◽  
Wojciech Leppert
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Active Metabolite ◽  
Opioid Analgesic ◽  
Moderate Hepatic Impairment ◽  
Patch Application ◽  
Severe Chronic Pain ◽  
Transdermal Route ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Drug

Buprenorphine is a synthetic opioid with partially agonist effects on μ (MOR) receptors and slightly less internal activity compared to morphine. Buprenorphine binds with κ1 (KOR 1), κ2 (KOR 2), δ (DOR) receptors and with ORL–1 (orphan–related ligand–1, NOR) receptors. The drug is absorbed after transmucosal (approximately 30–50%) and transdermal (biological bioavailability equals approximately 50%) route of administration due to significant lipophilicity. Buprenorphine concentration in plasma slowly increases after transdermal patch application reaching minimal effective concentrations after approximately 12–24 h and maximal concentrations of the drug in the serum after approximately 60–80 h. The drug is metabolized in the liver, mainly through CYP3A4 to an active metabolite – norbuprenorphine. Both buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine undergo subsequently glucuronidation through conjugates and in this forms are excreted with the bile. The majority of the drug is excreted with the stool in the form of unbound buprenorphine or norbuprenorphine with 10–30% of the drug excreted with the urine. Buprenorphine metabolism causes that the risk of pharmacokinetic drug interactions is low. Moreover, buprenorphine is safe drug in patients with renal impairment. Mild and moderate hepatic impairment do not significantly influence buprenorphine pharmacokinetics. In this paper a review of buprenorphine clinical studies (with randomization and nonrandomized) conducted in elderly patients was undertaken. Buprenorphine administered in patches by the transdermal is frequently used in the treatment of chronic pain in cancer patients and in the course of other diseases. Buprenorphine may be used successfully in the treatment of neuropathic pain. Buprenorphine administered by transdermal route is preferred opioid analgesic in elderly patients with moderate to severe chronic pain due to beneficial pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Association of transdermal fentanyl and oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate in the treatment of opioid naïve patients with severe chronic noncancer pain

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Collado, MD, PhD ◽  
Luis M. Torres, MD, PhD
Keyword(s):  
Pain Control ◽  
Single Unit ◽  
Breakthrough Pain ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Transdermal Fentanyl ◽  
Fentanyl Citrate ◽  
Chronic Noncancer Pain ◽  
Oral Transmucosal Fentanyl Citrate ◽  
Vas Score ◽  
Noncancer Pain

Background: Chronic noncancer pain is often undertreated.Aims: To assess the efficacy of fentanyl transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) associated with oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) for breakthrough pain in patients with chronic noncancer pain.Methods: A total of 215 patients with chronic (≥6 months), severe (VAS ≥ 8) noncancer pain participated in a 6-month prospective study. The starting dose of 12 μg/h fentanyl TTS was titrated in 25 μg/h increments to a visual analog scale (VAS) score ≤ 4. OTFC was administered as single-unit doses of 400 μg.Results: The mean (SD) VAS score decreased from 9.86 (0.35) at baseline to 2.05 (0.96) at 6 months. The percentage of patients with poor quality of sleep decreased from 99 percent at baseline to 2.8 percent at the end of the study. The percentage of patients with inadequate pain control decreased from 16.2 percent at month 1 to 2.3 percent at month 6. Pain control was achieved with the 50 μg/h dose in 48 percent of patients, the 75 μg/h dose in 18 percent, and the 100 μg/h dose in 5 percent (only two patients required >100 μg/h). The daily use of single-unit doses of OTFC decreased from 4.64 at month 1 to 2.62 at month 6. Headache, nausea/vomiting, constipation, and somnolence of mild or moderate intensity were the most common side effects. Treatment was discontinued because of nausea/vomiting in seven patients, somnolence in three, and dermatitis in two.Conclusions: Fentanyl TTS associated with OTFC for breakthrough pain is a feasible and effective strategy in opioid naïve patients with severe chronic nonmalignant pain.

scholarly journals Fentanyl Plasma Concentrations after Application of a Transdermal Patch in Three Different Locations to Refine Postoperative Pain Management in Rabbits

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Mirschberger ◽  
Christian von Deimling ◽  
Anja Heider ◽  
Claudia Spadavecchia ◽  
Helene Rohrbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Postoperative Pain Management ◽  
Transdermal Patch ◽  
Fentanyl Patch ◽  
Endogenous Factors ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Patch Application ◽  
Transdermal Patches ◽  
Patch Removal ◽  
Fentanyl Plasma Concentration

Transdermal patches allow a noninvasive and “stress free” analgesia in rabbits. As fentanyl uptake is dependent on exogenous and endogenous factors of the area where the patch is applied, this study investigated three different locations (neck, inner and outer surfaces of the ear) for fentanyl patch application to provide adequate and reliable fentanyl plasma concentrations above those previously shown to be analgesic. Fentanyl plasma concentration was measured at different time points (3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120 h) and rabbits were assessed for their general conditions and treatment-related side effects. Practicability of the proposed methods was evaluated. Following patch application on the neck, fentanyl plasma concentrations equal to or above the analgesic value were measured in all rabbits between 6 and 72 h. Comparable concentrations were reached between 9 and 48 h in all animals for the outer ear surface. However, for the inner ear surface, analgesic concentrations were not reached, even if practicability was considered the best for this location. Preparation of the neck skin was judged as the most cumbersome due to the clipping of the dense fur and patch removal resulted in erythema. In summary, the application of the fentanyl patch on the neck and outer ear surface allowed the reach of reliable plasma concentrations above the analgesic threshold in rabbits. When applied on the neck, fentanyl patches provided the longest duration of analgesic plasma concentrations, whereas patch application and removal were easier on the outer ear surface.

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