scholarly journals What's in a Word? Falsified/Counterfeit/Fake Medicines - The Definitions Debate

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. maapoc.0000008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Isles
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
World Region ◽  
The Public ◽  
Counterfeit Medicine ◽  
The World ◽  
Falsified Medicines ◽  
Trademark Protection ◽  
Exact Size

There is a rising tide of criminal activity to manufacture and distribute falsified, counterfeit, or fake medicines. The exact size of this problem is unknown but estimates vary from US$75 billion to US$200 billion per year, and evidence clearly demonstrates it is on the increase. Depending on the world region, infiltration into the legitimate supply chain versus the illegitimate (e.g., the internet) varies greatly. However, what is certain is that the direction of travel by regulatory agents is to develop supply chains that allow access to medicines via the World Wide Web. Within this context, there has been a long-running debate about how to correctly describe the various forms of medicines that are fraudulently or otherwise manufactured and distributed. This article attempts to describe the evolution of the definitions and recommends that a consensus be formed to describe such medicines that reach the public: • Falsified medicine: This being the term used and defined in the Falsified Medicines Directive and which is primarily concerned with public health. • Counterfeit medicine: This is closely associated and legally defined within intellectual property legislation and concentrates on trademark protection. • Fake medicine: This is the term that best serves to communicate with the public to raise awareness about the phenomenon.

Digital Divide

2019 ◽  
pp. 737-748
Author(s):  
Patrick Flanagan
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Communication Technology ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Information Communication Technology ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Global Community ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Challenges

Since 1991, when the world wide web (WWW) was first made available to the public, it has revolutionized the way the global community engages each other economically, politically, and socially. Its impact has been historically unprecedented. While the availability of and access to the WWW appears to be ubiquitous, it is not. The expansion of this marvelous information communication technology (ICT) has not penetrated certain areas of the world resulting in a “digital divide.” This chapter discusses this digital divide. It first defines the term and then it moves to discuss the origins of the term. From there, the chapter moves to present concrete evidence of how the digital divide has negatively impacted the global community. Finally, it names and evaluates the efforts of different organizations and agencies to resolve the digital divide. It concludes with a prospectus on the future challenges of information communication technology vis-à-vis the digital divide.

City Brands and their Communication through Web Sites

2010 ◽  
pp. 26-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Fernández-Cavia ◽  
Assumpció Huertas-Roig
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
City Marketing ◽  
The Public ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind

City marketing tries to position cities in the mind of the public, although the process of creating and communicating city brands is still at an early stage of its development. One of the main tools for the communication of these brands is now the World Wide Web. This chapter describes the results of two combined studies (qualitative and quantitative) that analyzes a sample of official city Web sites. The results show that official Web sites of cities give much attention to ease of navigation, but interactivity is much less implemented, especially between users. Furthermore, some lack of attention to the communication aspects of city brands can also be found. Finally, the chapter submits a number of improvement proposals.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
pp. 235-242
Author(s):  
Steven McKevitt
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
World Wide Web ◽  
World Wide ◽  
New Labour ◽  
General Election ◽  
Public Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Media Platforms

The Conclusion draws together the main findings of the study. Britain in 1997 was a far more emotional and expressive society. This is highlighted by two events: the public response to the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, and the success of New Labour in the general election. The extent to which persuasion industries were responsible for bringing these changes about is discussed. There is a discussion of some areas for further study: the subsequent impact of the World Wide Web and social media platforms; persuasion aimed at children/juvenile consumption, and the development of single British brand throughout the period—for example, Virgin.

scholarly journals Reliability of health information for the public on the world wide web: systematic survey of advice on managing fever in children at home

BMJ ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 314 (7098) ◽  
pp. 1875-1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Impicciatore ◽  
C. Pandolfini ◽  
N. Casella ◽  
M. Bonati
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
Health Information ◽  
World Wide ◽  
The Public ◽  
Systematic Survey ◽  
The World ◽  
At Home

scholarly journals The future library in the digital age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erald Kokalari
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Public Realm ◽  
Exponential Rate ◽  
Technological Revolution ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Information Today

The technological revolution and the resulting inception of the World Wide Web have had an unprecedented effect in the ways we find, produce, and contemplate information today. Within this evolution, the public library plays a pivotal role as it finds itself in the middle of this shift, needing to effectively respond to the exponential rate at which the "digital" is growing. The public library stands as not just a symbolic institution responsible for conserving and distributing information, but also as an extension of the public realm itself. This vision goes beyond the agency of the book and looks at the library as a socio-cultural vessel that can be responsive and dynamic when seen through this new digital lens.

scholarly journals The IAU, from New Worlds to Exoworlds: recollections of a mandate

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (S349) ◽  
pp. 90-111
Author(s):  
Thierry Montmerle
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
The Public ◽  
Sensitive Issue ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Host Stars

AbstractThis paper presents my own recollections of the difficult relations that existed between the IAU and a fraction of the public, especially in the USA, following the IAU decision to reclassify Pluto as a dwarf planet at the 2006 General Assembly in Prague, and which ultimately led the IAU to organize the NameExoWorlds international contest to give public names to selected exoplanets and their host stars. In spite of the success of the International Year of Astronomy in 2009, the Pluto controversy continued, and its consequences climaxed during my term (2012-2015), as NASA’s New Horizons probe approached Pluto for a flyby just before the 2015 General Assembly in Honolulu. It was during this period that the IAU launched the NameExoWorlds contest, which also came to a conclusion in Honolulu after over half a million votes were cast from all over the world. While the inside story of how the contest was organized has appeared elsewhere, here I focus on the historical and sociological context that made Pluto such a sensitive issue, especially in the USA, explaining why this contest generated another controversy between the IAU and the New Horizons team. However, after the world-wide success of NameExoWorlds, the IAU and the New Horizons team eventually reached an agreement on finalizing the characterization and names of a number of newly discovered Pluto and Charon surface features (an on-going process), while a new edition of NameExoWorlds is in preparation for the IAU centennial in 2019.

Evolution of Portals

2011 ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Uden ◽  
Kimmo Salmenjoki
Keyword(s):  
Search Engine ◽  
Web Site ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
On Line ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Google Search ◽  
The Web

The word portal came from the Latin word porta, which is translated to gate. Anything that acts as a gateway to anything else is a portal. The portal server acts as gateway to the enterprise in a network. However, there are many different definitions of the word portal. A search of the word using Google search engine yields many thousands of references. Some consider portal to be a new name for a Web site. A portal is an entry point to the World Wide Web (WWW) and therefore, more than what a Web site does. According to Internet 101 , a portal is a Web site linking to another Web site. Sometimes search engines have been referred to as portals. Access companies, such as Microsoft Network (MSN) and America On-Line (AOL), have often been referred to as portals. Although the definition of the word portal is still evolving, the definition we will use is a gateway, and a Web portal can thus be seen as a gateway to the information and services on the Web, more specifically to services on both the public Internet and on corporate intranets. This article aims to take the historical approach based on the development of the Web and examine the factors that have contributed to the evolution of portals. The origin of portals came about because of the need for information organisation. Users need to be provided with coherent and understandable information.

Automatedc Content-Management Systems

2011 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
N. C. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Content Management ◽  
Web Pages ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Principal Solution ◽  
The Public ◽  
The World ◽  
Solution Methods ◽  
Content Management Systems ◽  
The Web

The World Wide Web quickly evolved as a valuable resource for organizations to provide information and services to users. Much initial development of Web pages was done haphazardly. This resulted in many information gaps and inconsistencies between pages. Departments with more available time created more and better-designed Web pages even when they were no more important. Personnel who created Web pages would move to other jobs and their pages would become obsolete, but no one would bother to fix them. Two copies of the same information on the Web would become inconsistent when only one was updated, leaving the public wondering which was correct. Solutions were needed. We survey here the principal solution methods that have been developed.

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