A Novel Artificial Anal Sphincter System in an in Vitro and in Vivo Experiment

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Ke ◽  
Guo-Zheng Yan ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Ping-Ping Jiang ◽  
Zhi-Qiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Artificial Anal Sphincter ◽  
In Vivo Experiment

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of an Intelligent Artificial Anal Sphincter in Rabbits

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (10) ◽  
pp. 964-969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zong-Hai Huang ◽  
Fu-Jun Shi ◽  
Fei Chen ◽  
Fei-Xue Liang ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Artificial Anal Sphincter ◽  
In Vivo Assessment

scholarly journals Aging-associated changes in microRNA expression profile of internal anal sphincter smooth muscle: Role of microRNA-133a

2016 ◽  
Vol 311 (5) ◽  
pp. G964-G973 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagmohan Singh ◽  
Ettickan Boopathi ◽  
Sankar Addya ◽  
Benjamin Phillips ◽  
Isidore Rigoutsos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Internal Anal Sphincter ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contractility ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Rhoa Signaling

A comprehensive genomic and proteomic, computational, and physiological approach was employed to examine the (previously unexplored) role of microRNAs (miRNAs) as regulators of internal anal sphincter (IAS) smooth muscle contractile phenotype and basal tone. miRNA profiling, genome-wide expression, validation, and network analyses were employed to assess changes in mRNA and miRNA expression in IAS smooth muscles from young vs. aging rats. Multiple miRNAs, including rno-miR-1, rno-miR-340-5p, rno-miR-185, rno-miR-199a-3p, rno-miR-200c, rno-miR-200b, rno-miR-31, rno-miR-133a, and rno-miR-206, were found to be upregulated in aging IAS. qPCR confirmed the upregulated expression of these miRNAs and downregulation of multiple, predicted targets ( Eln, Col3a1, Col1a1, Zeb2, Myocd, Srf, Smad1, Smad2, Rhoa/Rock2, Fn1, Tagln v2, Klf4, and Acta2) involved in regulation of smooth muscle contractility. Subsequent studies demonstrated an aging-associated increase in the expression of miR-133a, corresponding decreases in RhoA, ROCK2, MYOCD, SRF, and SM22α protein expression, RhoA-signaling, and a decrease in basal and agonist [U-46619 (thromboxane A2analog)]-induced increase in the IAS tone. Moreover, in vitro transfection of miR-133a caused a dose-dependent increase of IAS tone in strips, which was reversed by anti-miR-133a. Last, in vivo perianal injection of anti-miR-133a reversed the loss of IAS tone associated with age. This work establishes the important regulatory effect of miRNA-133a on basal and agonist-stimulated IAS tone. Moreover, reversal of age-associated loss of tone via anti-miR delivery strongly implicates miR dysregulation as a causal factor in the aging-associated decrease in IAS tone and suggests that miR-133a is a feasible therapeutic target in aging-associated rectoanal incontinence.

Cadmium Chloride Induces Memory Deficits and Hippocampal Damage by Activating the JNK/p66Shc/NADPH Oxidase Axis

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-490
Author(s):  
Attalla Farag El-kott ◽  
Ali S. Alshehri ◽  
Heba S. Khalifa ◽  
Abd-El-karim M. Abd-Lateif ◽  
Mohammad Ali Alshehri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nadph Oxidase ◽  
Cadmium Chloride ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Hippocampal Damage ◽  
Vitro Experiment ◽  
In Vitro Experiment ◽  
In Vivo Experiment

This study investigated whether the mechanism underlying the neurotoxic effects of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) in rats involves p66Shc. This study comprised an initial in vivo experiment followed by an in vitro experiment. For the in vivo experiment, male rats were orally administered saline (vehicle) or CdCl2 (0.05 mg/kg) for 30 days. Thereafter, spatial and retention memory of rats were tested and their hippocampi were used for biochemical and molecular analyses. For the in vitro experiment, control or p66Shc-deficient hippocampal cells were treated with CdCl2 (25 µM) in the presence or absence of SP600125, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor. Cadmium chloride impaired the spatial learning and retention memory of rats; depleted levels of glutathione and manganese superoxide dismutase; increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6; and induced nuclear factor kappa B activation. Cadmium chloride also decreased the number of pyramidal cells in the CA1 region and induced severe damage to the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum of cells in the hippocampi of rats. Moreover, CdCl2 increased the total unphosphorylated p66Shc, phosphorylated (Ser36) p66Shc, phosphorylated JNK, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3. A dose–response increase in cell death, ROS, DNA damage, p66Shc, and NADPH oxidase was also observed in cultured hippocampal cells treated with CdCl2. Of note, all of these biochemical changes were attenuated by silencing p66Shc or inhibiting JNK with SP600125. In conclusion, CdCl2 induces hippocampal ROS generation and apoptosis by promoting the JNK-mediated activation of p66Shc.

scholarly journals Length-tension relationship of the external anal sphincter muscle: implications for the anal canal function

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (2) ◽  
pp. G367-G373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahadevan Raj Rajasekaran ◽  
Yanfen Jiang ◽  
Valmik Bhargava ◽  
Ryan Littlefield ◽  
Andrew Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anal Canal ◽  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
External Anal Sphincter ◽  
Thin Filament ◽  
Sarcomere Length ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Optimal Length ◽  
Probe Size

The length at which a muscle operates in vivo (operational length) and the length at which it generates maximal force (optimal length) may be quite different. We studied active and passive length-tension characteristics of external anal sphincter (EAS) in vivo and in vitro to determine the optimal and operational length of rabbit EAS. For the in vitro studies, rings of EAS ( n = 4) were prepared and studied in a muscle bath under isometric conditions. For in vivo studies, female rabbits ( n = 19) were anesthetized and anal canal pressure was recorded by use of a sleeve sensor placed in the custom-designed catheter holders of 4.5-, 6-, and 9-mm diameters. Measurements were obtained at rest and during EAS electrical stimulation. Sarcomere length of EAS muscle was measured by laser diffraction technique with no probe and three probes in the anal canal. In vitro studies revealed 2,054 mN/cm2 active tension at optimal length. In vivo studies revealed a probe size-dependent increase in anal canal pressure and tension. Maximal increase in anal canal tension with stimulation was recorded with the 9-mm probe. Increases in anal canal tension with increase in probe size were completely abolished by pancuronium bromide. EAS muscle sarcomere length without and with 9-mm probe in the anal canal were 2.11 ± 0.08 and 2.99 ± 0.07 μm, respectively. Optimal sarcomere length, based on the thin filament length measured by thin filament analysis, is 2.44 ± 0.10 μm. These data show that the operational length of EAS is significantly shorter than its optimal length. Our findings provide insight into EAS function and we propose the possibility of increasing anal canal pressure by surgical manipulation of the EAS sarcomere length.

scholarly journals A Novel Role of Bergamottin in Attenuating Cancer Associated Cachexia by Diverse Molecular Mechanisms

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1347
Author(s):  
Young Yun Jung ◽  
Jeong-Hyeon Ko ◽  
Jae-Young Um ◽  
Gautam Sethi ◽  
Kwang Seok Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Western Blot ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Suppressive Effect ◽  
In Vivo Experiment ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Loss Method ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: The potential effects of bergamotiin (BGM) on the suppression of cancer cachexia was evaluated under in vitro and in vivo conditions to investigate its possible inhibitory effects on the muscle and fat loss. Method: The differentiated C2C12 and 3T3L1 cells were treated with BGM after the induction of cancer-cachexia with pancreatic cancer conditioned media (CM). The expression levels of the various molecules involved in the differentiation and loss of muscle and fat (MuRF-1, Atrogin-1, C/EBPα, and PPARγ) were analyzed by Western blot and oil red O staining. For in vivo experiment, MIA PaCa-2 cells were injected into the mice (n = 6), and then BGM (1 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to analyze muscle and adipose tissue by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining and Western blot. Result: BGM displayed a significant effect on the inhibition of muscle and fat catabolism under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results of the in vivo experiment revealed a remarkable suppressive effect of BGM on the weight loss in mice. Conclusions: The potential effects of BGM on the inhibition of muscle and fat catabolism in vitro and in vivo were thus confirmed. Based on the results, the impact of BGM on cancer cachexia could be possibly analyzed in the future clinical studies.

scholarly journals Tetrodotoxin/Saxitoxins Selectivity of the Euryhaline Freshwater Pufferfish Dichotomyctere fluviatilis

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 731
Author(s):  
Hongchen Zhu ◽  
Towa Sakai ◽  
Yuji Nagashima ◽  
Hiroyuki Doi ◽  
Tomohiro Takatani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Skin Tissue ◽  
Takifugu Rubripes ◽  
In Vitro Experiments ◽  
Long Period ◽  
In Vivo Experiment ◽  
The Given ◽  
Over Time

The present study evaluated differences in the tetrodotoxin (TTX)/saxitoxins (STXs) selectivity between marine and freshwater pufferfish by performing in vivo and in vitro experiments. In the in vivo experiment, artificially reared nontoxic euryhaline freshwater pufferfish Dichotomyctere fluviatilis were intrarectally administered a mixture of TTX (24 nmol/fish) and STX (20 nmol/fish). The amount of toxin in the intestine, liver, muscle, gonads, and skin was quantified at 24, 48, and 72 h. STX was detected in the intestine over a long period of time, with some (2.7–6.1% of the given dose) being absorbed into the body and temporarily located in the liver. Very little TTX was retained in the body. In the in vitro experiments, slices of the intestine, liver, and skin tissue prepared from artificially reared nontoxic D. fluviatilis and the marine pufferfish Takifugu rubripes were incubated in buffer containing TTX and STXs (20 nmol/mL each) for up to 24 or 72 h, and the amount of toxin taken up in the tissue was quantified over time. In contrast to T. rubripes, the intestine, liver, and skin tissues of D. fluviatilis selectively took up only STXs. These findings indicate that the TTX/STXs selectivity differs between freshwater and marine pufferfish.

Biomechanical Modeling of the Rectum for the Design of a Novel Artificial Anal Sphincter

2010 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Zan ◽  
Guozheng Yan ◽  
Hua Liu ◽  
Banghua Yang ◽  
Yujuan Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anal Sphincter ◽  
Biomechanical Properties ◽  
Biomechanical Modeling ◽  
Sphincter Muscle ◽  
Artificial Anal Sphincter ◽  
Compression Function ◽  
Tissue Ischemia ◽  
Micro Pump ◽  
Human Rectum

Abstract This paper discusses biomechanical issues that are related to the option of a novel artificial anal sphincter around the human rectum. The prosthesis consists of a compression cuff system inside and a reservoir cuff system outside, which is placed around the debilitated sphincter muscle. The micro-pump shifts fluid between the cuffs and thus takes over the expansion and compression function of the sphincter muscle. However, the human rectum is not a rigid pipe, and motion in it is further complicated by the fact that the bowel is susceptible to damage. With the goal of engineering a safe and reliable machine, the biomechanical properties of the in-vivo porcine rectum are studied and the tissue ischemia is analyzed.

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