Social isolation, time spent at home, financial stress and domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Morgan ◽  
Hayley Boxall
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Financial Stress ◽  
Economic Stress ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Containment Measures ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
At Home

In this study we use data from a large online survey of Australian women to examine whether the increased time spent at home, social isolation and financial stress resulting from COVID-19 containment measures were associated with a higher likelihood of physical and sexual violence among women in current cohabiting relationships with and without a history of violence. An increase in the amount of time spent at home with a partner did not in itself increase the likelihood of violence among either group. However, the probability of repeat or first-time violence was between 1.3 and 1.4 times higher for women who had less frequent contact with family and friends outside of the household during the pandemic. While financial stress prior to the pandemic was a strong predictor of violence for both groups, the probability of first-time violence was 1.8 times higher among women who experienced an increase in financial stress. We conclude that the pandemic was associated with an increased risk of violence against women in current cohabiting relationships, most likely from a combination of economic stress and social isolation.

scholarly journals Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. From the start – combination therapy

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 386-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Indovina ◽  
Pierpaolo Falcetta ◽  
Stefano Del Prato
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Diabetes Diagnosis ◽  
Good Glycemic Control ◽  
Chronic Hyperglycemia ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Early Combination Therapy

Modern treatment of T2DM requires a shift in paradigm with appropriate intensification of therapy from the very first time of diabetes diagnosis. This is supported by data showing how even a moderate delay in achieving good glycemic control can translate into a later increased risk of developing diabetic complications. The recognition of the complexity of the pathogenesis of T2DM leads to the appreciation of the importance of attacking the disease from different angles, i.e. simultaneous tackling of multiple mechanisms contributing to hyperglycemia. From the turn of century a growing number of new anti-hyperglycemic agents have been made available. As compared to the older ones, these new medicines have a more targeted mechanism of action as they act at the level of the specific pathophysiologic disturbances accounting the development and progression of hyperglycemia. Because of that drugs can be use in combination taking advantage of their complementary mechanisms of action and synergistic. If introduced earlier in the natural history of the disease combination therapy may contribute avoiding undesirable exposure to even mild chronic hyperglycemia and provide early benefits. With respect to that in this review we will discuss advantages, disadvantages and still unanswered questions related to the use of early combination therapy in type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Risk factors for pre-eclampsia among women at antenatal booking in Kano, Northern Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A. Yakasai ◽  
Imran O. Morhason-Bello
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Early Onset ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Degree Relative ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
At Home

Pre-eclampsia (PE) is an important cause of maternal mortality. There have been several studies on risk factors assessment with conflicting reports across the globe on this disease; however, rigorous recent evaluation of these factors is uncommon in this region. The aim of the present study was to determine the risks factors in the early-onset PE in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano (Northern Nigeria). We conducted a case-control study in Nigeria between April 2009 and January 2010 to identify the risk factors associated with the early-onset PE in women attending antenatal clinic in AKTH. Information on socio-cultural characteristics, medical history, previous obstetrics history, level of stress at home, and type of family were obtained and recorded in a proforma designed for the study. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for PE at 95% confidence level. Pregnant women with early-onset PE (150 in each case and control group). Risk factors associated with increased risk of early-onset PE were: history of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E) in a previous pregnancy [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.09]; exposure to passive smoking (AOR 1.34); inadequate antenatal supervision (AOR 15.21); family history of hypertension in one or more 1st-degree relative (AOR 8.92); living in a joint family (AOR 6.93); overweight (120% to 150% of pre-pregnancy ideal body weight, AOR 4.65). Risk factors among women in Northern Nigeria are similar to those reported from other studies. Good antenatal cares, early detection, reduction of stressful conditions at home are the most important preventive measures of early-onset severe PE among these women.

Correlates of Postpartum Depression in First Time Mothers Without Previous Psychiatric Contact

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 4-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M. Sylvén ◽  
T.P. Thomopoulos ◽  
N. Kollia ◽  
M. Jonsson ◽  
A. Skalkidou
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
First Time Mothers ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

AbstractBackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is a common disorder after childbirth. The strongest known predictors are a history of depression and/or a history of PPD. However, for a significant proportion of women, PPD constitutes their first depressive episode. This study aimed to gain further insight into the risk factors for PPD in first time mothers without previous psychiatric contact.MethodsWomen delivering in Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden, from May 2006 to June 2007, were asked to participate and filled out questionnaires five days and six weeks postpartum, containing inter alia the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Univariate logistic regression models, as well as a path analysis, were performed to unveil the complex interplay between the study variables.ResultsOf the 653 participating primiparas, 10.3% and 6.4% reported depressive symptoms (EPDS ≥ 12 points) five days and six weeks postpartum, respectively. In the path analysis, a positive association between anxiety proneness and depressive symptoms at five days and six weeks postpartum was identified. For depressive symptoms six weeks after delivery, additional risk factors were detected, namely depressive symptoms five days postpartum and subjective experience of problems with the baby. Caesarean section and assisted vaginal delivery were associated with fewer depressive symptoms at 6 six weeks postpartum.ConclusionsIdentification of anxiety proneness, delivery mode and problems with the baby as risk factors for self-reported depressive symptoms postpartum in this group of primiparas can be important in helping health care professionals identify women at increased risk of affective disorders in the perinatal period, and provide a base for early intervention.

scholarly journals Polymorphism of the IL13 gene may be associated with Uterine leiomyomas in Slovenian women

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Krsteski ◽  
S Jurgec ◽  
M Pakiž ◽  
I But ◽  
U Potočnik
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Uterine Leiomyomas ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
First Sexual Intercourse ◽  
Pelvic Tumors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

AbstractUterine leiomyomas (ULM) are a common cause of solid pelvic tumors in women. Their etiopathogenesis remains unclear. Interleukins (ILs) and their receptors can influence tumor biology of ULM. The aim of this study was to evaluate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exhibited in the genes IL4 (rs2070874), IL4R (rs1801275), IL12RB1 (rs11575934), IL12B (rs6887695), IL13 (rs20541) and IL23R (rs7517847) as risk factors for ULM in Slovenian women and to identify associations between corresponding clinical parameters and the analyzed SNPs. In addition, solitary and multiple ULM were compared to identify clinical and/or genetic parameters influencing their occurrence. We conducted a case-control study that included 181 women with leiomyomas and 133 control subjects. Genotyping of selected SNPs was performed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and high resolution melting (HRM) techniques. The TT genotype of rs20541 (IL13) was significantly associated with decreased risk of ULM compared to both the CC and CT genotypes [p = 0.018; odds ratio (OR) = 0.184; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.048-0.7121. Using genetic and clinical data to develop a predictive model with logistic regression, we found that adenomyosis, higher age at diagnosis, family history of ULM occurrence, earlier menarche, lower number of pregnancies and lower age at first sexual intercourse, the G allele and genotypes AG and GG of rs1801275 (IL4R) were associated with an increased risk of multiple ULM occurrence. We also found an association between rs20541 (IL13) and 17ß-estradiol serum levels in patients with multiple ULM (p 0.003). Our study showed, for the first time, that rs20541 (IL13) may contribute to susceptibility of ULM development and that rs1801275 (IL4R) can predispose patients to develop multiple ULM.

scholarly journals Raet1e Polymorphisms Are Associated with Increased Risk of Developing Premature Coronary Artery Disease and with Some Cardiometabolic Parameters: The GEA Mexican Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalinda Posadas-Sánchez ◽  
Bladimir Roque-Ramírez ◽  
José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez ◽  
Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández ◽  
José Manuel Fragoso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Premature Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Functional Effect ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Family Medical History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Premature Cad ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
First Time

In an animal model, new evidence has been reported supporting the role of raet1e as an atherosclerosis-associated gene. Our objective was to establish if raet1e polymorphisms are associated with the risk of developing premature coronary artery disease (CAD) or with the presence of cardiometabolic parameters. After an informatic analysis, five polymorphisms were chosen and determined in 1158 patients with premature CAD and 1104 controls using 5′ exonuclease TaqMan genotyping assays. Standardized questionnaires were applied to all participants to obtain family medical history, demographic information, history of nutritional habits, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and pharmacological treatment. The functional effect of the rs7756850 polymorphism was analyzed by luciferase assays. Under different models, adjusted by age, gender, body mass index, current smoking, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the rs6925151 (OR=1.250, pheterozygote=0.026; OR=1.268, pcodominant1=0.034), rs9371533 (OR=1.255, pheterozygote=0.024), rs7756850 (OR=1.274, pheterozygote=0.016; OR=1.294, pcodominant1=0.031), and rs9383921 (OR=1.232, pheterozygote=0.037) polymorphisms were associated with increased risk of premature CAD. When compared to the rs7756850 G allele, the C allele showed a decreased luciferase activity. In premature CAD patients, associations with low levels of adiponectin, with a high presence of hypertension, and with high levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase and total cholesterol were observed. In healthy controls, associations with a decrease in LDL pattern B, aspartate aminotransaminase, and hypo-α-lipoproteinemia were detected. An association of the raet1e polymorphisms with an increased risk of developing premature CAD and with cardiometabolic parameters has been shown for the first time. In addition, the functional effect of the rs7756850 polymorphism was defined.

scholarly journals Parental History of Trauma and Resilience during COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine LaBrenz ◽  
Philip Baiden ◽  
Erin Findley ◽  
Patrick S. Tennant ◽  
Sreyashi Chakravarty
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Family Stress ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Parental History ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Since March 2020, families across the U.S. have faced challenges due to the novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) and its subsequent restrictions. Prior literature has linked family stress to negative outcomes, such as parent and child mental health, increased risk of child maltreatment, and overall well-being, as well as protective factors that may help families navigate and respond to stressors. Furthermore, parental history of trauma, such as exposure to adversity in one’s own childhood, has been linked to stress and resilience. Although some experts have voiced concern over the impact of COVID-19 on family well-being, few studies have been conducted thus far. This study utilized N = 523 responses from an online survey that was administered between May and June 2020 to gauge family stress and resilience among parents of children ages zero-to-five during the pandemic. There was a negative relationship between ACE score and parental resilience among this sample. Furthermore, frequency of childcare was positively linked to protective factors and resilience, while childcare barriers were negatively linked to resilience. Implications for practice, policy, and research are discussed, with a particular focus on the role of childcare and school openings during the pandemic.

scholarly journals Social Participation’s Association with Falls and Frailty in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
S. Risbridger ◽  
R. Walker ◽  
W.K. Gray ◽  
S.B. Kamaruzzaman ◽  
C. Ai-Vyrn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Participation ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of

Background: The global population is ageing rapidly, with the most dramatic increases in developing countries like Malaysia. Older people are at increased risk of multimorbidity, frailty and falls. Objectives: In this study we aimed to determine the relationship between social participation, frailty and falls in Malaysia. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a cross-sectional study of individuals aged 55 years and above selected from the electoral rolls of three Klang Valley parliamentary constituencies through stratified random sampling. They were invited to take part in a questionnaire and physical assessment as part of the Malaysian Elders Longitudinal Research (MELoR) study. Measurements: Fallers were individuals who had fallen in the previous year. Frailty was defined as meeting ≥3 of: low body mass index, reduced cognition, low physical activity, low hand-grip strength, and slow walking speed. Social participation was determined from employment status, social network, and community activity. Binomial logistic regression multivariant analysis was performed to identify links between the measures of social participation and falls and frailty. Results: The mean age of the 1383 participants was 68.5 years, with 57.1% female. Within the population, 22.9% were fallers and 9.3% were frail. Social isolation (OR= 2.119; 95% CI=1.351-3.324), and non-engagement in community activities (OR=2.548; 95% CI=1.107-5.865) were associated with increased frailty. Falls increased with social isolation (OR=1.327; 95% CI=1.004-1.754). Conclusions: Previous studies have shown social participation to be linked to frailty and falls risk, and social isolation to be a predictor of falls. In this study frailty was associated with all three social participation measures and history of falls was associated with social isolation.

Abstract P539: The Association Between Social Isolation and Metabolic Syndrome in Japanese Adults: The Tohoku Medical Megabank Project

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuka Kotozaki ◽  
Kozo Tanno ◽  
Kotaro Otsuka ◽  
Ryouhei Sasaki ◽  
Nobuyuki Takanashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Group Versus ◽  
Current Smoker ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components are well established as risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). On the other hand, it has also been reported that social isolation is associated with an increased risk of CVD. However, the relationship between social isolation and MetS and its components is not clear. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the association between social isolation and the number of MetS components in Japanese adults. Participants were 28,917 individuals (male/female = 10,226/18,691, age = 59.9±11.6 years) from the Iwate area of the Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization Community-based cohort study (TMM CommCohort study). They had no history of coronary heart disease or stroke. Social isolation was assessed using the Lubben Social Network Scale-6 (LSNS-6). The participants were classified into two groups, the social isolation group and the non-isolation group, based on a cutoff point of 11/12 on the LSNS-6. An assessment of MetS used the criteria defined by the Japanese societies’ committee. The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) [AORs (95% CIs)] of the social isolation group versus the non-isolation group were calculated using ordered logistic analyses and compared to the number of MetS components. We used gender, age, education, current smoker, current alcohol drinker, total physical activity, current job status, and depression as covariates. AORs (95% CIs) of social isolation against non-isolation were 1.02 (0.95-1.09) for one component of MetS, 1.09 (1.01-1.19) for two components of MetS, and 1.16 (1.06-1.28) for three or more components of MetS, when compared to 0 component of MetS. In conclusion, Japanese adults who experience social isolation might have a greater number of MetS components.

Factors Associated With an Increased Risk of Recurrence After a First-Time Patellar Dislocation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 2552-2562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lachlan S. Huntington ◽  
Kate E. Webster ◽  
Brian M. Devitt ◽  
John P. Scanlon ◽  
Julian A. Feller
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Patellar Dislocation ◽  
Trochlear Dysplasia ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Risk Of Recurrence ◽  
Multiple Risk Factors ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Lateral Patellar Dislocation ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

Background: Recurrent dislocations after a first-time lateral patellar dislocation may occur in more than 50% of patients and can cause long-term disability. Many factors have been suggested to influence the risk of recurrence. Purpose: To systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the literature for factors associated with an increased risk of recurrence after a first-time patellar dislocation. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Methods: A total of 4 electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies published before February 7, 2019. A quality assessment was performed with the National Heart, Lung, and Bone Institute quality assessment score. Factors assessed for their effect on the recurrence rate were documented, and the rates of recurrence were compared. Pooled dichotomous data were analyzed using random-effects meta-analysis with odds ratios (ORs). Results: A total of 17 studies met the criteria for inclusion. The overall rate of recurrent dislocations after a first-time lateral patellar dislocation was 33.6%. An increased risk of recurrence was reported in patients with a younger age (OR, 2.61; P < .00001), open physes (OR, 2.72; P < .00001), trochlear dysplasia (OR, 4.15; P = .009), an elevated tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance (OR, 2.87; P < .00001), and patella alta (OR, 2.38; P = .004). Sex, patterns of medial patellofemoral ligament injury, and history of contralateral dislocations were not found to be associated with an increased recurrence rate ( P≥ .05). In studies that reported on the presence of multiple risk factors, recurrence rates were 7.7% to 13.8% when no risk factors were present but increased to 29.6% to 60.2% when 2 risk factors were present and to 70.4% to 78.5% when 3 risk factors were present. Conclusion: Younger age, open physes, trochlear dysplasia, elevated TT-TG distance, and patella alta were key risk factors for the recurrence of lateral patellar dislocations. Despite being not infrequently cited as risk factors, patient sex and a history of contralateral dislocations were not found to be significant risk factors. The presence of multiple risk factors increased the risk, and the development of predictive instability scores in large patient cohorts using all established risk factors should be a focus of future studies.

scholarly journals A Common Polymorphism G-50T in Cytochrome P450 2J2 Gene Is Associated with Increased Risk of Essential Hypertension in a Russian Population

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey V. Polonikov ◽  
Vladimir P. Ivanov ◽  
Maria A. Solodilova ◽  
Irina V. Khoroshaya ◽  
Mikhail A. Kozhuhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Family History ◽  
Arachidonic Acid Metabolism ◽  
Russian Population ◽  
Common Polymorphism ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Family History Of Hypertension ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
First Time

The present study was designed to test whether common polymorphism G-50T within the promoter of humanCYP2J2gene is associated with increased risk of essential hypertension in a Russian population. We studied 576 unrelated subjects, including 295 patients with hypertension and 281 healthy subjects. Genotyping for polymorphism G-50T of theCYP2J2gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism techniques. The frequency of a −50T variant allele ofCYP2J2gene was significantly higher in patients with hypertension versus healthy controls (OR 4.03 95%CI 1.80–9.04p=0.0004). The association of a −50GT genotype with hypertension remained significant after adjustment for age, gender and family history of hypertension by multivariate logistic regression (OR 4.78 95%CI 1.87–12.27p=0.001). It has been found that OR for −50GT genotype × gender interaction (OR 4.48 95%CI 1.93–10.39p=0.00048) was slightly higher than OR for −50GT genotype (OR 4.43 95%CI 1.91–10.29p=0.00052), suggesting a weak effect of gender on the risk of hypertension in the heterozygous carriers of −50GT genotype. A family history of hypertension has no effect on the association between a −50GT genotype and hypertension. In present study we demonstrate for the first time that aCYP2J2*7 allele of theCYP2J2gene is clearly associated with an increased risk of essential hypertension. Furthermore, this study highlights the importance of P-450 epoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disease.

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