Fiber Adhesion to Rubber Compounds

2008 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. Wennekes ◽  
R. N. Datta ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
F. Elkink
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Surface Roughening ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Composites ◽  
Adhesion Promoter ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Polyester Fibers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fiber Materials

Abstract The present paper provides an overview of literature published on fiber-rubber composites. A brief history of Fibers used in rubber applications is given. The emphasis is on the adhesion between fiber materials and rubber compounds. Special attention is given to the standard RFL-treatment and the double-dip treatment used for aramid and polyester Fibers to enhance the adhesion with rubber compounds. Some alternatives to the RFL-treatment are described: fiber surface roughening, adhesion promoter additives to the rubber compound, impregnated Fibers and plasma treatment.

A Study on Heat History of Organic Accelerators in Rubber Stock (BR Base)

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-828
Author(s):  
I. Imase
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Frictional Heat ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Incremental Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
History Of ◽  
Curing Agents ◽  
Heat History ◽  
Rubber Stock

Abstract Rubber with some exceptions must generally undergo such processes as mastication, mixing, warming-up, extrusion, spreading, calendering, etc. prior to vulcanization under heat to obtain cured articles. Consequently the rubber matrix receives a heat history caused by mechanical frictional heat or the heat which cannot be avoided during these processes. On the other hand, when an uncured rubber compound, ready for vulcanization, containing such curing agents as sulfur, such activators as zinc oxide, and organic accelerators is heated during the processes or during storage between individual processes, each incremental effect of heat is accumulated with time. It is a well-known fact that this accumulation of heat can lead to the trouble of scorching, etc. As a cause for the trouble, organic accelerators seem to play the most important role. A few reports have been published on the action of accelerators under heat, but, to my knowledge, no report is available on the behavior of accelerators in rubber stocks, namely, on the change of the properties of uncured rubber compounds and on its influence on the properties of vulcanizates. This paper shall report these problems, though it describes only the results of the tests carried out under specific conditions.

Effects of Aging on the Morphology of Rubber-Brass Interfacial Layer

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ashirgade ◽  
P. B. Harakuni ◽  
W. J. Vanooij
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Interfacial Layer ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Tire Cord ◽  
Morphological Transformation ◽  
Adhesion Promoter

Abstract Adhesion between rubber compound and brass-plated steel tire cord is crucial in governing the overall performance of tires. The rubber-brass interfacial adhesion is influenced by the chemical composition and thickness of the interfacial layer. It has been shown that the interfacial layer consists mainly of sulfides and oxides of copper and zinc. This paper discusses the effect of changes in the chemical composition and the structure of the interfacial layers due to addition of adhesion promoter resins. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) experiments were run on sulfidized polished brass coupons previously bonded to five experimental rubber compounds. It was confirmed that heat and humidity conditions lead to physical and chemical changes of the rubber-steel tire cord interfacial layer, closely related to the degree of rubber-brass adhesion. Morphological transformation of the interfacial layer led to loss of adhesion after aging. The adhesion promoter resins inhibit unfavorable morphological changes in the interfacial layer, thus stabilizing it during aging and prolonging failure. Tire cord adhesion tests illustrated that the one-component resins improved adhesion after aging using a rubber compound with lower cobalt loading. Based on the acquired diffraction profiles, these resins were also found to impede crystallization of the sulfide layer after aging, leading to improved adhesion. Secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiles and scanning electron microscopy micrographs strongly corroborated the findings from GIXRD. This interfacial analysis adds valuable information to our understanding of the complex nature of the rubber-brass bonding mechanism.

Study of Transcrystallization in Polymer Composites

1989 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin S. Hsiao ◽  
J. H. Eric
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Polymer Composites ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Interfacial Strength ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Semicrystalline Polymers ◽  
First Case

AbstractTranscrystallization of semicrystalline polymers, such as PEEK, PEKK and PPS, in high performance composites has been investigated. It is found that PPDT aramid fiber and pitch-based carbon fiber induce a transcrystalline interphase in all three polymers, whereas in PAN-based carbon fiber and glass fiber systems, transcrystallization occurs only under specific circumstances. Epitaxy is used to explain the surface-induced transcrystalline interphase in the first case. In the latter case, transcrystallization is probably not due to epitaxy, but may be attributed to the thermal conductivity mismatch. Plasma treatment on the fiber surface showed a negligible effect on inducing transcrystallization, implying that surface-free energy was not important. A microdebonding test was adopted to evaluate the interfacial strength between the fiber and matrix. Our preliminary results did not reveal any effect on the fiber/matrix interfacial strength of transcrystallinity.

scholarly journals Effect of Glycero-(9,10-trioxolane)-trialeate on the Physicochemical Properties of Non-Woven Polylactic Acid Fiber Materials

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2517
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Olkhov ◽  
Olga Alexeeva ◽  
Marina Konstantinova ◽  
Vyacheslav Podmasterev ◽  
Polina Tyubaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Water Sorption ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
High Water ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fiber Mats ◽  
Fiber Materials

Biocompatible glycero (9,10-trioxolane) trioleate (ozonide of oleic acid triglyceride, OTOA) was incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) fibers by electrospinning and nonwoven PLA mats with 1%, 3% and 5% OTOA content. The morphological, mechanical, thermal and water sorption properties of electrospun PLA mats after the addition of OTOA were studied. A morphological analysis showed that the addition of OTOA increased the average fiber diameter and induced the formation of pores on the fiber surface, leading to an increase in the specific surface area for OTOA-modified PLA fibrous mats. PLA fiber mats with 3% OTOA content were characterized by a highly porous surface morphology, an increased specific surface area and high-water sorption. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to analyze the thermal properties of the fibrous PLA mats. The glass transition temperatures of the fibers from the PLA–OTOA composites decreased as the OTOA content increased, which was attributed to the plasticizing effect of OTOA. DSC results showed that OTOA aided the PLA amorphization process, thus reducing the crystallinity of the obtained nonwoven PLA–OTOA materials. An analysis of the mechanical properties showed that the tensile strength of electrospun PLA mats was improved by the addition of OTOA. Additionally, fibrous PLA mats with 3% OTOA content showed increased elasticity compared to the pristine PLA material. The obtained porous PLA electrospun fibers with the optimal 3% OTOA content have the potential for various biomedical applications such as drug delivery and in tissue engineering.

Submicron surface roughening of aliphatic polyamide 6,6 fabric through low temperature plasma and its effect on interfacial bonding in rubber composite

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 2029-2049 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddhan Periyasamy ◽  
Krishna Prasad G ◽  
Raja ASM ◽  
Prashant G Patil
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Surface Roughening ◽  
Temperature Plasma ◽  
Nylon 6,6 ◽  
Rubber Composite ◽  
Scanning Electron

The present study aims to produce submicron surface roughening of aliphatic polyamide 6,6 (nylon 6,6) fabric using dielectric barrier discharge-based atmospheric low temperature plasma for improving the adhesion bonding with rubber. The plasma treatment was done in the time ranging from 15 s to 300 s. Formation of surface roughness on the fabric due to plasma treatment and the associated chemical changes were studied through high-resolution scanning electron microscope, geometrical surface roughness by Kawabata evaluation system surface tester, contact angle measurements and Fourier transform infrared in Attenuated total reflectance mode. Scanning electron microscope micrographs revealed the presence of submicron roughness on the nylon 6,6 fibre surface with pores of around 100 nm (0.1 µm) for the optimum treatment time of 180 s above which the pore merging effect dominated resulting in the net low surface roughness. Geometrical roughness (SMD) results were also well in agreement with the scanning electron microscope results for the roughening and the optimum effect of the plasma treatment. The control and plasma treated nylon 6,6 samples were used as reinforcements for rubber composite. The peel strength of the rubber composite, which is a measure of interfacial bonding, increased to 150% as the maximum for the optimum plasma treatment time of 180 s. Intense rubber deposits over the 180 s plasma treated samples were observed while only a few deposits of rubber were observed on the control fabric when their interfaces were examined through scanning electron microscope after peeling test.

Wire Adhesion Testing

1972 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. Coates ◽  
C. Lauer
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Basic Design ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Reliable Test ◽  
Adhesion Testing ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The results of this study are conclusive. The ASTM D-2229 Test Method is not a reliable test for measuring adhesion of wire cords to rubber compounds. However, by using the basic design and modifying it, an accurate measurement of bond strength on a macroscopic level can be obtained. This test is insensitive for all practical purposes to compound physical properties and changes in cord diameter and embedded length—for both stranded and rod-like cords. It is also possible with this test to calculate the amount of stress that is exerted on the surface of the wire cord to determine the relationship between failing stress and the material strength of the rubber compound. Properly used, this new test should give the compounder a better tool to study the adhesion of compounds to metal.

Impact of CF4 Plasma Treatment on the Surface Roughness of Ion Implanted SiC Induced by High Temperature Annealing

2010 ◽  
Vol 645-648 ◽  
pp. 783-786
Author(s):  
Tatsunori Sugimoto ◽  
Masataka Satoh ◽  
Tohru Nakamura ◽  
K. Mashimo ◽  
Hiroshi Doi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Energy Range ◽  
Plasma Treatment ◽  
Surface Roughening ◽  
High Temperature Annealing ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Step Structure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ion Implanted

The impact of CF4 plasma treatment on the surface roughening of SiC has been investigated for N ion implanted SiC(0001) which is implanted with the energy range from 15 to 120 keV at a dose of 9.2 x 1014/cm2. The N ion implanted sample, which is processed by CF4 plasma, shows small surface roughness of 1.6 nm after annealing at 1700 oC for 10 min, while the sample without CF4 plasma treatment shows the large surface roughness (6.6nm) and micro step structure. XPS measurements reveals that CF4 plasma treatment is effective to dissolved the residual oxide on the surface of SiC which is not removed by BHF acid of SiO2 layer on SiC. It is strongly suggested that the formation of micro step structure with the increase of the surface roughness is promoted by the residual oxide such as SiCOx, on SiC.

Oxidation and Ozonation of Rubber

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Short Review ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Systematic Development ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Ozone Resistance

Abstract With the wide variety of elastomers, fillers, and other compounding ingredients available today, there is increasing demand for rubber compounds with specific properties. The systematic development of the desired rubber compound can be undermined by the exposure of the compound to oxygen and ozone during use. Thus, a rubber compounder should be aware of the effects of oxygen and ozone attack on rubber and how to compound for oxygen and ozone resistance. This short review is intended as an introduction to the phenomena of oxidation and ozonation of rubber.

Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Rubber Component

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

Stress Analysis of Adhesion Tests

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 252-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ridha ◽  
R. N. Crano
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Friction Forces ◽  
Pullout Force ◽  
Considerable Advantage ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Steel Cords ◽  
Photoelastic Analysis ◽  
Pull Through

Abstract The ASTM D 2229-80 test specimen with a circular hole and a pad restriction was analyzed by 3D finite elements. Maximum shear stresses within the specimen are at the cord-rubber interface. Thus, failure is expected to initiate in the vicinity of the cord-rubber interface. This characteristic is similar to that seen in the MICA and TCAT tests; it represents an improvement over other pull-through tests including earlier ASTM tests. The computed tensile stresses normal to the cord indicate that friction forces will not be significant in this test (as they are in the TCAT test) and that debonding will propagate rapidly. In this regard, the D 2229-80 test is similar to the MICA test. Results of photoelastic analysis of the ASTM D 2229-80, MICA, and TCAT tests are in good agreement with the computed results. Maximum shear stress at the cord-rubber interface in the ASTM D 2229-80 test varies with the modulus of elasticity of the rubber. This variation becomes more pronounced with increasing rubber deformations (e.g., at higher loads and with softer rubber compounds). Thus, the cord pullout force will be dependent on the rubber modulus. From the above results we conclude the following: 1. The ASTM D 2229-80 test overcomes one of the serious drawbacks of earlier pull-through tests; failure is expected to initiate in the vicinity of the cord-rubber interface rather than elsewhere in the rubber. The new test's main deficiency is the dependence of the cord pullout force on the rubber modulus; in this regard, the MICA test offers a considerable advantage. 2. The ASTM D2229-80 test may be used in evaluating the adhesion of various steel cords embedded in a control rubber compound. 3. When changes are anticipated in the properties of the rubber compound, the MICA test offers a considerable advantage because the cord pullout force in the MICA test is independent of the rubber modulus.

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