The Action of Hypochlorous Acid on Rubber

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 327-329
Author(s):  
G. F. Bloomfield ◽  
E. H. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Chlorine Content ◽  
Acid Molecule ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Preceding Article ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Analogous Behavior ◽  
Molecular Proportion

Abstract It has been previously observed that when rubber latex is treated with cold aqueous hypochlorous acid, the simple additive attachment of the hypochlorous acid molecule at the ethylenic center of each C5H8 unit of the rubber molecule may be accompanied by a considerable amount of substitutional chlorination (cf. preceding article). An analogous behavior has now been found to characterize the interaction of dissolved rubber (rubber solutions) with hypochlorous acid, but in this case marked differences in the properties of the reaction products become manifest. In the treatment of dissolved rubber some evidence of substitutional chlorination is directly apparent, even where the amount of hypochlorous acid does not exceed one molecular proportion per C5H8 unit, and considerable replacement of hydrogen by chlorine occurs when the reagent is present in excess of this amount; indeed, by using a suitable excess of the latter, it is possible to obtain chlorinated materials with a maximum chlorine content of 66 per cent. Now it is of practical importance to note that, whereas the chlorinated materials obtained from latex are characterized by a high degree of insolubility, the analogous materials from dissolved rubber are relatively soluble, and in the case of some of the more highly chlorinated materials are readily soluble in the ordinary solvents for rubber.

Chlorinated Rubber from Latex

1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. van Amerongen
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Stability ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Chlorine Content ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Satisfactory Method ◽  
New Applications

Abstract This work was undertaken to find new ways for producing chlorinated rubber from rubber latex. Methods have been applied during which coagulation of the latex and hyprochlorination of the rubber are avoided. Passing gaseous chlorine through stabilized and strongly acidified Hevea latex proves to be a satisfactory method for the chlorination of rubber. To avoid coagulation of the latex, certain nonionogenic or cationogenic emulsifiers have to be added. A high acidity of latex prevents the formation of hypochlorous acid and improves the mechanical stability of the latex. A chlorinated rubber latex is produced, the chlorinated rubber of which contains virtually no oxygen and up to 61 per cent of chlorine. By subjecting this chlorinated rubber latex or the dry isolated chlorinated rubber to an aftertreatment, products of a satisfactory solubility and with a chlorine content up to 72 per cent have been obtained. Judging from the reactivity with aniline, maximum chemical stability is at 65 per cent chlorine content. As a similar chlorination technique is applicable to rubber hydrochloride and synthetic rubber latexes, it is seen that latexes in general are good starting materials for the production of chlorinated derivatives. Moreover, stable chlorinated rubber latexes are obtained which can be used as such, making new applications possible. Technical advantages of chlorinating rubber in latex above rubber in solution are the much higher rubber concentration which can be used, and the ease of cooling the less viscous latex during the reaction. For some applications it is advantageous that the original high molecular weight of the polymer can be conserved.

scholarly journals The Comprehensive Quality in Health Services by Using Six Sigma

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 83-103
Author(s):  
Amal Yassin
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
Six Sigma ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Hospital Management ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Government Hospitals ◽  
Intermediate Degree ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The study aimed to know the overall quality of the concept and its importance in providing high-quality health services and the availability of the key factors in the application and services and to take administrative factors, technical and human and financial, which may contribute to the raise if directed properly and have an adult in improving the quality of health services impact. Based on the nature of the study and the objectives it seeks, the analytical descriptive approach was used. It was based on the study of the phenomenon as it exists in reality and it is treated as a precise description and expressed in qualitative and quantitative terms. To analyze the analytical aspects of the research subject and then collect the initial data through the questionnaire as a main tool for research, designed specifically for this purpose, and distributed to government hospitals in Khartoum State, and included the study community department managers and patients in government hospitals in Khartoum state. A random sample was collected (300) department managers and patients from the Khartoum government hospitals. Each individual has the opportunity to be a member of the study sample during the year 2016. The study concluded with a number of results, the most important of which is that the hospital management has the material potential (furniture, equipment, ...) to use the Six Sigma curriculum with an intermediate degree. The hospital management is ready to use the Six Sigma curriculum to a high degree. Six Sigma In the middle level, the hospital management is keen to train the heads of departments to form teams for the process of continuous improvement to a high degree, the hospital administration is continuously improving the purpose of reducing the deviations and errors that occur, the hospital management is ready to provide an information system Its data continuously At, there is the management of the hospital readiness to provide direct contact with an intermediate degree of quality coaches tuning software system. The study presented a number of recommendations, the most important of which is linking the promotion system in the public hospitals in Khartoum state with the quality control program, paying attention to the overall quality and stressing the possibility of using it in hospitals in Khartoum State because of its scientific and practical importance and improving the quality of the services and the operations provided. Keywords: total quality management, health services, competitiveness, sigma six

scholarly journals Air purification by hypochlorous acid gas

1941 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Masterman
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Air Purification ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Volumetric Concentration ◽  
Acid Gas ◽  
Air Disinfection

1. A short synopsis of research upon application of hypochlorites to airpurification is given.2. A short review of the most recent work on this subject shows that:(a) Of the “nebulizers” employed by Baker, Finn & Twort (1940) the “Atmozon” is incapable of consistent atomizing of hypochlorites, whilst the “Aerograph” has an efficiency much below that of modern atomizers.(b) The data obtained by them, after due allowance for defective technique, can be interpreted as fully confirming the view that HOCl gas is the active germicide in hypochlorite spraying. Sterility can be approximately attained (99·75% reduction) by HOCl gas with a volumetric concentration in air, of not more than (3·5 × 109)−1.(c) The application of the “Aerosol” theory is discussed and reasons given for its non-applicability to hypochlorite spraying.(d) Alleged drawbacks to this practical application of hypochlorite air disinfection are discussed and shown to be of no practical importance.

Evaluation of Horseradish Peroxidase for the Treatment of Estrogenic Alkylphenols

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Wagner ◽  
James A. Nicell
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Estrogenic Activity ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Compound A ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Microtox Toxicity ◽  
High Degree

Abstract The xenoestrogen alkylphenols 4-nonylphenol (3.4 mg/L) and octylphenol (6.0 mg/L) were oxidized by hydrogen peroxide using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a biocatalyst. Substrate transformation required about one mole of peroxide per mole of phenolic compound. A high degree of conversion of alkylphenol was achieved within a 3-h reaction time. In the case of 4-nonylphenol, HRP treatment led to complete disappearance of Microtox toxicity. Results of the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay demonstrated that the reaction products of HRP-catalyzed 4-nonylphenol conversion lacked estrogenic activity. A new approach to the YES assay has been suggested based on observations made during this study.

scholarly journals Practical Importance Use Of Modern Probiotics In Complex Treatment Of Adenoviral Conjunctivitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 210-215
Author(s):  
Qumri Islamovna Narzikulova ◽  
◽  
Sarvarkhon Akmaljon Ugli Yuldashov ◽  
Saida Mamadjanovna Egamberdiyeva ◽  
Shokhidakhon Adkhamovna Makhkamova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Treatment Algorithm ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Complex Treatment ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Mucous Membranes ◽  
Long Time ◽  
High Degree

Adenoviral conjunctivitis is an inflammatory disease of the conjunctiva that spreads at the epidemic level, the main reason for which is explained by the fact that it is rapidly spread by airborne and domestic routes and has a high degree of contagiousness. In clinical practice, viral eye pathologies develop the background of upper and lower respiratory (especially rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis) and antibiotics are often used to treat bacterial complications in this category of patients. As a result, the balance of the immunomicrobiological environment in the intestines of some patients is disturbed [1,2,7] In this contingent of patients, eye pathologies of viral etiology persist for a long time. In modern practice, an integrated approach is used to increase the effectiveness of the prevention and treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. In addition, complex treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis is required that the adequate use of antiviral and immunomodulatory drugs, as well as the inclusion new group of drugs in the treatment algorithm for increasing effectiveness and eliminate symptoms of this disease [3,5]. Probiotics stimulate the body's specific (antibody and immune system) and non-specific (skin, mucous membranes and tears) immunity by restoring the normal intestinal microflora balance, resulting in activation of cellular and humoral immune processes. The use of modern probiotics during treatment period decreased the production of cytokines in the patient's body in the same time increased of endogenous interferon’s concentration in the blood [1,3,4,6]. Even during an epidemic of adinoviral conjunctivitis, the inclusion of multi-component probiotics such as Bifolak Zincum + C + D3 in the complex treatment plan is effective and safe.

Preparation of Highly Purified Hevea Rubber

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 731-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. T. Verghese
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Treatment ◽  
New Method ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Rubber Particles ◽  
High Degree

Abstract A new method is described by which rubber hydrocarbon of a high degree of purity can be obtained without resorting to any drastic chemical or mechanical treatment of the rubber. Rubber latex is treated with ammonium oleate, which displaces the proteins from the surface of the rubber particles. The displaced proteins, along with other nonrubber substances present in the serum, are removed by repeated creaming of the latex. Finally, the creamed latex is “solubilized” in n-hexane, and the rubber precipitated by adding acetone.

SOME ACENAPHTHENE COMPOUNDS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Charlesworth ◽  
H. Campbell ◽  
J. J. Conn ◽  
C. T. Elston ◽  
D. L. Stachiw
Keyword(s):  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Geometric Isomer ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Derivatives Of

A new geometric isomer of 1,2-dichloroacenaphthene has been isolated among the reaction products of acenaphthylene and hypochlorous acid. Some new derivatives of acenaphthenone and acenaphthenol are reported.

Experimental Investigation of an Atmospheric-Open Cyclone Solar Reactor for Solid-Gas Thermochemical Reactions

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Steinfeld ◽  
A. Imhof ◽  
D. Mischler
Keyword(s):  
Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Solar Furnace ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Concentrated Solar Energy ◽  
High Temperature Process ◽  
Energy Absorption Efficiency ◽  
Particle Separator ◽  
Solar Receiver ◽  
High Degree

A solar receiver-reactor has been designed to conduct solid-gas chemical reactions, using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. It consists of a conical cyclone gas-particle separator that has been modified to let concentrated solar energy enter the cavity through a windowless (atmospheric-open) aperture. It combines the advantages of cavity receivers and volumetric reactors, and permits continuous mode of operation. A small-scale prototype reactor to conduct the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate at 1300 K was experimentally investigated in a solar furnace. Its thermal performance was evaluated. The mean energy absorption efficiency, based on the optically measured power incident on the receiver aperture, was 43 percent. Reaction products showed high degree of calcination.

Abstract 237: The Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptide D-4F Acts As A Scavenger For Myeloperoxidase-Derived Hypochlorous Acid

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Wake ◽  
Geeta Datta ◽  
Harry Mahtani ◽  
Mayakonda Palgunachari ◽  
Dale Parks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Hypochlorous Acid ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Tryptophan Residue ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Endothelial Cell Function ◽  
Mimetic Peptide ◽  
Hdl Function ◽  
Ms Analysis

Background: Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and its product hypochlorous acid (HOCl) are proatherogenic molecules that functionally modify lipoproteins and impair endothelial cell function. MPO- and HOCl-induced changes in HDL function are thought to occur via modifications at the level of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. Objective : We tested the hypothesis that the apo A-I mimetic peptide D-4F, which possesses HDL-like properties, prevents endothelial dysfunction by acting as a reactive substrate for HOCl. Methods and Results: Rat aortic ring segments were isolated and suspended in an isolated tissue bath and exposed to HOCl (10μM, 30min, n=7). Acetylcholine (Ach)-induced relaxation was inhibited by 51% compared to saline-treated controls (n=8). Concurrent exposure to HOCl and D-4F (10μM, n=9) significantly improved the response to Ach (15% inhibition vs control). Incubation of tissues with D-4F alone (n=9) did not impair endothelial function. Since increased superoxide formation has been implicated in HOCl-induced endothelial dysfunction, we tested whether D-4F influences formation of this oxidant. Electroparamagnetic resonance spectroscopy, in conjunction with BMPO (25mM) spin trapping, was used to determine whether D-4F reduces superoxide generated by xanthine (1mM)/xanthine oxidase (15mU). There was no difference in BMPO resonance spectra in the presence and absence of D-4F at concentrations up to 300 μM. In subsequent studies, effects of HOCl on structural properties of D-4F were assessed. Fluorescence spectroscopy revealed a significant reduction in tryptophan fluorescence of D-4F (20μM) in the presence of HOCl (10μM). Time of flight mass spectrometry was used to characterize reaction products formed by HOCl and D-4F. MS analysis of D-4F (20μM) alone yielded a product with the expected m/z ratio of 2,310. Addition of 10μM HOCl to D-4F yielded a new product with a net gain of 16 mass units. MS/MS analysis confirmed the addition of this mass to the tryptophan residue, reflecting oxidation of this residue. Conclusion: While D-4F was previously shown to inhibit lesion formation and inflammation in experimental models of atherosclerosis, results of the current studies suggest that D-4F may also serve as a scavenger of MPO-derived HOCl.

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