Synthetic Rubber

1934 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-88
Author(s):  
G. S. Whitby ◽  
M. Katz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Active Subject ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Post War

Abstract In the early period isoprene was recognized as the mother substance of caoutchouc, and its ability to undergo polymerization to a rubber-like product was demonstrated. During the pre-war period serious efforts were begun to devise processes for the synthesis of rubber which would be commercially feasible. Attention was concentrated on the preparation of the necessary monomeric dienes from cheap raw materials available in substantially unlimited quantity. The rubber-like polymers prepared were markedly inferior to natural rubber. During the war the actual manufacture of synthetic rubber from dimethylbutadiene and its utilization in the production of certain lines of rubber goods was, owing to the exigencies of the time, undertaken in Germany. After a lull, synthetic rubber in 1925 again became an active subject for research. In so far as butadiene and its homologs are concerned, attention during this post-war period has been concentrated on methods of polymerizing the dienes rather than on methods of preparing them, and marked progress has been made. Recently a novel form of synthetic rubber has been prepared by polymerizing 2-chlorobutadiene. Chloroprene rubber resembles vulcanized natural rubber in elastic properties more closely than any previous synthetic rubber preparation and, moreover, has advantages over natural rubber in certain respects. Experiments on the swelling of chloroprene rubber and its tensile properties are reported.

scholarly journals Rheometer Evidences for the Co-Curing Effect of a Bismaleimide in Conjunction with the Accelerated Sulfur on Natural Rubber/Chloroprene Rubber Blends

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1510
Author(s):  
Marek Pöschl ◽  
Shibulal Gopi Sathi ◽  
Radek Stoček ◽  
Ondřej Kratina
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Alder Reaction ◽  
Diels Alder ◽  
Ene Reactions ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Diels Alder Reaction ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

The rheometer curing curves of neat natural rubber (NR) and neat chloroprene rubber (CR) with maleide F (MF) exhibit considerable crosslinking torque at 180 °C. This indicates that MF can crosslink both these rubbers via Alder-ene reactions. Based on this knowledge, MF has been introduced as a co-crosslinking agent for a 50/50 blend of NR and CR in conjunction with accelerated sulfur. The delta (Δ) torque obtained from the curing curves of a blend with the addition of 1 phr MF was around 62% higher than those without MF. As the content of MF increased to 3 phr, the Δ torque was further raised to 236%. Moreover, the mechanical properties, particularly the tensile strength of the blend with the addition of 1 phr MF in conjunction with the accelerated sulfur, was around 201% higher than the blend without MF. The overall tensile properties of the blends cured with MF were almost retained even after ageing the samples at 70 °C for 72 h. This significant improvement in the curing torque and the tensile properties of the blends indicates that MF can co-crosslink between NR and CR via the Diels–Alder reaction.

scholarly journals The effects of alkanolamide addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR) / chloroprene rubber (CR) blends

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 01030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Syahrul Fauzi Siregar ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Swelling Behaviour ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

Effects of alkanolamide (ALK) addition on cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of silica-filled natural rubber (NR)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends were investigated. The ALK was synthesized from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine, and incorporated into the silica-filled NR/CR blends as a non-toxic rubber additive. The ALK loadings were 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that the ALK exhibited shorter scorch and cure times and higher elongation at break of the silica-filled NR/CR blends. The ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus and tensile strength at a 1.0 phr of ALK loading and then decreased with further increases in the ALK loading. The swelling measurement proved that the 1.0 phr loading of ALK caused the highest degree in crosslink density of the silica-filled NR/CR blends.

scholarly journals Cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of carbon black-filled Natural Rubber (NR)/Chloroprene Rubber (CR) blends in the presence of alkanolamide

2018 ◽  
Vol 197 ◽  
pp. 12005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Mimpin Ginting ◽  
Hanafi Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Tensile Modulus ◽  
Palm Stearin ◽  
Swelling Behaviour ◽  
Blend Ratio ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Cure Characteristics ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber

The cure characteristics, swelling behaviour and tensile properties of carbon black (CB)-filled natural rubber (NR)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends in the presence of alkanolamide (ALK) were investigated. The NR/CR blends were prepared at 50/50 blend ratio. The ALK was prepared from Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Stearin (RBDPS) and diethanolamine and added into the CB-filled NR/CR blends as a rubber additive. The ALK loadings were 0.0, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that the ALK exhibited shorter scorch and cure times and higher elongation at break of the CB-filled NR/CR blends. The ALK also exhibited higher torque differences, tensile modulus and tensile strength up to 5.0 phr of ALK and then decreased with further increases in the ALK loading. The swelling test proved that the 5.0 phr loading of ALK caused the highest degree in crosslink density of the CB-filled NR/CR blends.

Vistanex Polybutene—Rubber Blends

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Longman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Manufacturing Equipment ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Synthetic Rubber

Abstract From the foregoing data on blends of Vistanex Polybutene and rubber, it is evident that these two materials complement one another. Each has properties which the other lacks, and blends of the two can be made to emphasize the more desirable properties of either one. Extreme flexibility in compounding these blends is possible, since they are perfectly compatible in milled compounds. Therefore, great latitude is given in compounding of these blends to secure any range or degree of properties possible with either of the components. Vistanex Polybutenes should not be considered as synthetic rubber, because they will not vulcanize, and they lack certain characteristics of vulcanized natural rubber. More properly Vistanex Polybutenes should be considered as modifying agents for partial substitution of natural rubber. In many cases, this substitution of a part of the natural rubber in a compound by Vistanex Polybutene confers definite advantages and improves qualities of such compounds for special uses. Therefore, Polybutenes, even in normal times, have a very definite field of usefulness and, in the event that imports of natural rubber become restricted, the availability of the Vistanex Polybutenes in quantity will be of increasing importance to the rubber industry. Since the raw materials for the manufacture of Vistanex Polybutene are petroleum products, the availability of raw materials is a source of no difficulty in this country. Likewise, the manufacturing equipment is not excessively expensive, and, with expanded production, lowered prices may confidently be expected.

The Analysis and Forecast about the Supply and Demand of China's Rubber Raw Materials Based on Grey Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 796-801
Author(s):  
Zhao Jun Wang ◽  
Zhou Lin ◽  
Shuai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Grey Model ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Grey Forecasting ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
The Status

The rubber industry is an important sector in the national economy. The article took the natural rubber and synthetic rubber as the main studying objects to analyze and forecast the amount of supply and demand of Chinas rubber raw materials. Analyzed the status of supply and demand of Chinas rubber raw materials from 2006 to 2011, and established the Grey Forecasting Model to forecast the supply and demand from 2012 to 2017 in China, and concluded that the prosperous supply and demand of rubber raw materials would be continued in the future.

Physical Testing of Synthetic-Rubber Products

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 974-983
Author(s):  
L. V. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Design Engineers ◽  
Automobile Design ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Physical Testing ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Evaluation that will predict with a high degree of accuracy the suitability for service of any product is the object of all physical testing. Over a comparatively short period of about twenty-five years, rubber technologists have evolved a series of tests which have evaluated natural rubber compounds reasonably well. When it became necessary to evaluate rubber substitutes, it was only natural that the same tests would be applied. The results obtained convinced everyone that these materials were definitely not equivalent substitutes, and to use them involved more than just replacement. Although the background is not so extensive as might be desired, the A.S.T.M. Committee D-11 on Rubber Products has learned enough about these materials to be able to present certain facts and recommendations to industry in general with regard to specifications covering synthetic rubbers and products made from them. The entire field of physical testing is quite extensive, as it covers not only finished products but the component raw materials from the time they are received until they emerge as final products ready to be put into service. Also, in this large field, not everyone is interested in the same phase of testing synthetic rubber products. Tire development engineers are not interested in load deflection figures, which are so essential to automobile design engineers, and the latter have no concern with adhesion to fabric which must be considered by the pneumatic tire technologists and those concerned with hose and belting. This paper is intended to deal primarily with some of the physical properties which affect the service of finished products.

Hysteretic and Elastic Properties of Rubberlike Materials under Dynamic Shear Stresses

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 597-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Dillon ◽  
I. B. Prettyman ◽  
G. L. Hall
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Dynamic Shear ◽  
Small Problem ◽  
Principal Problem ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Truck Tire ◽  
Hysteretic Properties ◽  
Rubberlike Materials

Abstract The principal problem of the rubber technologist and engineer today is that of applying the various types of synthetic rubber to products which undergo rapid repeated flexure. All commercially available synthetic rubbers possess a greater hysteresis defect than does natural rubber. Hence, the task of designing a product such as a large truck tire, where heat development has been no small problem even with natural rubber, is much more difficult. Consequently, the accompanying problem of evaluating the hysteretic properties of rubberlike materials has assumed new importance.

Tensile Properties of Natural and Synthetic Rubbers at Elevated and Subnormal Temperatures

1950 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. T. T. Boonstra
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
High Temperature Strength ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Natural And Synthetic

Abstract It is necessary to determine the physical properties of rubbers at relatively high temperatures when products made from them are to be used at such temperatures in actual service. The term heat aging is used when the vulcanizate is tested at room temperature, exposed to elevated temperatures for given periods of time, and then tested again at room temperature. The term high-temperature strength is proposed for values obtained when the vulcanizates are tested at the actual higher service temperatures. Effective comparison of natural and synthetic rubbers is best obtained by determining tensile product values, which are the result of the combining of tensile strength and elongation values. In the evaluating of vulcanizates of tire compounds of various rubbers, another factor must be taken into account. Synthetic-rubber tires develop more heat in service than do natural-rubber tires, and the former therefore generally operate at higher temperatures than do the latter. Synthetic-rubber tires therefore require a greater high temperature strength than do natural rubber tires, but, as has been shown, synthetic rubbers actually have a lower high-temperature strength. The part played by carbon black with respect to the tensile properties of some synthetic rubbers is considered that of a substitute for crystallization in natural and other synthetic rubbers, which substitute does not, however, possess the same favorable features. Carbon black even in noncrystallizing rubbers does not increase strength; it merely shifts the optimum strength value to a higher temperature so that this temperature is in the room temperature range. The temperature coefficient of strength for Butyl and Neoprene rubbers is so large at room temperature that a few degrees' difference in temperature causes large changes in strength. The tensile strength and elongation at break of these two rubbers decrease sharply between 20 and 40° C.

AISI 3150

Alloy Digest ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Toughness ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Nickel Alloy ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Alloy Steel ◽  
Heat Treating ◽  
Great Depth ◽  
Medium Carbon ◽  
Steel Mills

Abstract AISI 3150 is a medium carbon, chromium-nickel alloy steel having great depth hardness, high elastic properties and excellent fatigue resistance and toughness. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties as well as fracture toughness. It also includes information on heat treating and machining. Filing Code: SA-143. Producer or source: Alloy steel mills and foundries.

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