Vistanex Polybutene—Rubber Blends

1941 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 386-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Longman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
The Other ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Manufacturing Equipment ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Synthetic Rubber

Abstract From the foregoing data on blends of Vistanex Polybutene and rubber, it is evident that these two materials complement one another. Each has properties which the other lacks, and blends of the two can be made to emphasize the more desirable properties of either one. Extreme flexibility in compounding these blends is possible, since they are perfectly compatible in milled compounds. Therefore, great latitude is given in compounding of these blends to secure any range or degree of properties possible with either of the components. Vistanex Polybutenes should not be considered as synthetic rubber, because they will not vulcanize, and they lack certain characteristics of vulcanized natural rubber. More properly Vistanex Polybutenes should be considered as modifying agents for partial substitution of natural rubber. In many cases, this substitution of a part of the natural rubber in a compound by Vistanex Polybutene confers definite advantages and improves qualities of such compounds for special uses. Therefore, Polybutenes, even in normal times, have a very definite field of usefulness and, in the event that imports of natural rubber become restricted, the availability of the Vistanex Polybutenes in quantity will be of increasing importance to the rubber industry. Since the raw materials for the manufacture of Vistanex Polybutene are petroleum products, the availability of raw materials is a source of no difficulty in this country. Likewise, the manufacturing equipment is not excessively expensive, and, with expanded production, lowered prices may confidently be expected.

The Analysis and Forecast about the Supply and Demand of China's Rubber Raw Materials Based on Grey Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 404 ◽  
pp. 796-801
Author(s):  
Zhao Jun Wang ◽  
Zhou Lin ◽  
Shuai Liu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Grey Model ◽  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Grey Forecasting ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
The Status

The rubber industry is an important sector in the national economy. The article took the natural rubber and synthetic rubber as the main studying objects to analyze and forecast the amount of supply and demand of Chinas rubber raw materials. Analyzed the status of supply and demand of Chinas rubber raw materials from 2006 to 2011, and established the Grey Forecasting Model to forecast the supply and demand from 2012 to 2017 in China, and concluded that the prosperous supply and demand of rubber raw materials would be continued in the future.

S. K.—The Russian Synthetic Rubber from Alcohol. A Survey of the Chemistry and Technology of the Lebedev Process for Producing Sodium-Butadiene Polymers

1942 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anselm Talalay ◽  
Leon Talalay
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Petroleum Products ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Synthetic Product ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Economic Council ◽  
Factory Layout ◽  
Continue Work

Abstract The question of producing synthetic rubber industrially was raised in Russia as early as 1918, and was fostered principally by the quest of the U.S.S.R. for economic independence. Having recognized that 1,3-butadiene is one of the simplest organic compounds capable of being polymerized to a rubberlike substance, the Russian Government provided funds for research in two directions: (1) To investigate the possibility of obtaining butadiene from a mixture of ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde, according to the method suggested by Ostromislensky in 1915, for which purpose a pilot plant was erected in Moscow at the Bogatyr Rubber Company. (2) To continue work started in 1915 by B. V. Buizov in the laboratory of the Leningrad Treugolnik Rubber Plant, using petroleum products as a source of butadiene. By 1922 the Moscow plant had proved that Ostromislensky's process had no industrial future, for it yielded only 5 to 6 per cent of butadiene instead of the 15 to 18 per cent originally expected. The experimental station operated by Buizov had likewise met with little success by 1925. Early in 1926, therefore, the Superior Economic Council of the U.S.S.R. announced an open competition for the best industrial method of producing synthetic rubber, setting January 1, 1928 as the deadline. The qualifying conditions were rather exacting. They specified that the synthetic rubber should be neither inferior in quality to, nor substantially different in price from, natural rubber. Aside from a detailed description of the process and a two-kilogram sample of the synthetic product, the competition called for plans of a complete factory layout for its manufacture.

Preparation and Oxygen Intake/Release Characteristics of YBaCo2Fe2O7

2011 ◽  
Vol 306-307 ◽  
pp. 1520-1523
Author(s):  
Su Mei Zhang ◽  
Hong Zhang Song ◽  
Xin Hong Su ◽  
Jian Feng Jia ◽  
De Lin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Partial Pressure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oxygen Storage ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Oxygen Intake ◽  
Original Mass ◽  
Stable Oxygen ◽  
Lower Temperature

A novel compound YBaCo2Fe2O7 was synthesized successfully under low surrounding oxygen partial pressure by selecting raw materials Fe2O3 and Fe to fix the oxygen content to “O7” in YBaCo2Fe2O7. Its oxygen intake/release characteristics were investigated by the thermogravimetric (TG) analysis from room temperature to 1150°C. The YBaCo2Fe2O7 sample exhibits a weak oxygen intake capability at lower temperature 360°C. On the other hand, the oxygen intake/release cycles of YBaCo2Fe2O7 were investigated between 340°C and 410°C. The experimental results show that it has good and stable oxygen intake/release reproducibility, and that its mass change of oxygen reaches 0.6% of its original mass within 40 minutes. However, after partial substitution, the oxygen storage capability of YBaCo2Fe2O7 is worse than YBaCo4O7. The previous results mean that YBaCo2Fe2O7 is not enough as a novel candidate for oxygen storage or separation materials.

Oil-Extended Rubbers

1961 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1402-1484 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Storey
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extension Principle ◽  
Material Incentive ◽  
Solid Materials ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Inorganic Fillers ◽  
Do So

Abstract One hesitates to close this review by adding a paragraph of conclusions. The term “oil-extension principle” introduced a new concept to the manufacturer of synthetic rubbers. The principle (if it may be identified by such a word) and the application of the products it generated do not involve any novel or unfamiliar approaches to the art of rubber compounding. Indeed, it would be rendering a disservice to the progress of their adoption by industry to suggest that it required a revision in the viewpoint of the rubber compounder. The use of softeners in compounding was almost coincidental with the discovery of rubberlike substances by the explorers of the 16th century. The development of carbon blacks having more useful characteristics in rubber came after the compounder had become familiar with the application of innumerable inorganic fillers in rubber and, indeed, soots and lampblacks. The tailor-made synthetic rubbers were developed by the chemical industry in the second-quarter of the 20th century and it is scarcely likely that higher molecular weight types would not be produced nor that any inherent processing problems would not be solved when there existed an economic and raw material incentive to do so. These are the contributions of the polymerization chemists and the synthetic rubber industry. Where it is more economically-attractive and technically-desirable to add softener and filler to the synthetic rubber in the manufacturing process, oil-extended rubbers and filler masterbatches will be provided as raw materials for the rubber industry. If on the other hand, these ingredients may be added quite readily during factory mixing operations, without any detrimental effects on the polymer quality, the synthetic rubber producer would be quite unwise to attempt to usurp the functions of the rubber manufacturer. The income of the rubber manufacturer, depends upon the skill and economy that he applies to the operation of mixing rubber with liquid and solid materials and this is the prime occupation of a rubber compounder. It would avail the synthetic rubber producer nothing to try and convince the compounder that he is doing something novel and unusual by preparing softener-filler masterbatches. However, the compounder will be receptive to a pre-blended product that enables him to produce rubber mixes of better or different quality at an equal, or lower, cost. This is the aim and accomplishment of oil-extended rubbers.

Tack in Rubber

1964 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 1178-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. K. F. Bussemaker
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract The expressions tack, tackiness, and stickiness have been in use since the beginning of the rubber industry. During the years their meaning has changed considerably. The first occasion where tackiness was mentioned was in the case of crude natural rubber. The surface of the rubber became tacky or sticky during storage. This phenomenon has been thoroughly discussed in the literature. As a general conclusion it was accepted that both oxidation and depolymerisation occurred. Three factors were reported to be the cause of these processes: light, traces of copper, and manganese. From our point of view we would call this effect stickiness, as we are only interested in the building tack of rubber. In the period when the only rubber was natural rubber and high loadings of highly active fillers were not generally used in compounds, building tack was no problem. Building tack was first mentioned in a publication by Griffith and Jones in 1928. They started their experiments by measuring tack in their search for methods to prevent cotton liners from sticking to unvulcanized rubber. One would have expected much work on the measurement and improvement of tack in Germany and Russia during the development of synthetic rubbers. However, this only proved to be the case in Russia. The first publication available was the translation of an article by Voyutskii and Margolina in 1957. From Voyutskii's work we were able to trace the first article in 1935 by Zhukov and Talmud, who studied the adhesive power of synthetic rubber. In the USA the first theoretical approach to the subject was by Josefowitz and Mark in 1942, who at that time did not realize the difference between stickiness and tack. This difference became clear when lack of tack became the big problem in the use of synthetic rubber. In many cases it was found that addition of resins and softeners gave a very sticky compound which had no building tack at all. The tack problem was first discussed at the ASTM symposium on the application of synthetic rubbers in 1944 by Juve who gave a definition of building tack. From that time, the problem has been studied regularly, especially from the practical side, to find ways and means to improve the building tack of synthetic rubbers.

Polymerization of Diene Monomers by Ziegler Type Catalysis

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Laboratory Work ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Free World ◽  
Planned Economy ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
The World ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
To Receive

Abstract I have not gone into compounding and testing results on polyisoprene and polybutadiene. As you well know, they are widely used in the rubber industry. From a technical standpoint, we know we can replace natural rubber with cis-polyisoprene. However, the profitability of the process is closely tied to the availability of isoprene monomer and the price ratio of cis-polyisoprene and natural rubber. Sometimes the economics is favorable and sometimes unfavorable. Consequently, polyisoprene expansion is slow in the Free World. In the Communist countries, however, the planned economy is pushing ahead with polyisoprene—projections for 1985 are for 817 000 metric tons versus 227 000 metric tons in the Free World. Is there a possibility of an entirely new synthetic rubber that will be the equal of polyisoprene, but more economical? Is there a blend of elastomers that will replace natural? Is there a chance the economics of polyisoprene might become more favorable? Certainly the answers pose a challenge to those of us in research. We cannot sit back and say we have reached the ultimate, for the world of the tire is constantly changing, and we must be able to meet the change. The work reported here could not have been carried out without the invaluable contributions of my colleagues at BFGoodrich. I wish to especially mention: Jim Shipman and Jack Kiehl for the early infrared work and claiming that I was trying to fool them with my first copolymer; Vern Folt, the enthusiastic section leader for the early project ; Earl Carlson, who elucidated the conditions for making trans-polyisoprene and trans-polybutadiene ; Dave Craig for supplying the pure isoprene for the early work; Bob Minchak and Harold Tucker for some of the cobalt studies and titanium studies; Harvey Scott for the cobalt chloridealuminum chloridethiophene catalyst; Ed Wilson and M. Reinhart for compounding studies; Waldo Semon and Carlin Gibbs for directing it all and allowing us such a free hand; Floyd Miller, who did such an outstanding job of scaling the process directly from a 50 g lab recipe to production size runs; and the numerous, capable technicians who have worked for me— they are the unsung heroes of the laboratory work. Let me say again how highly honored I feel to receive this award. I am accepting it for all at BFGoodrich, for it was truly a team effort.

Semiebonites

1949 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-200
Author(s):  
Fritz S. Rostler
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Large Volume ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Phenolic Resins ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Abstract To summarize the principal results of the present investigation, it was found that whereas natural rubber is a poor raw material for the manufacture of semiebonite, butadiene-styrene and butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers are suitable raw materials, especially in combination with unsaturated hydrocarbon extenders of the Naftolen type. The superiority of GR-S to natural rubber in the form of semiebonite should be an interesting piece of information for every compounder conscientious about the importance of keeping up the use and the manufacture of GR-S. With natural rubber becoming more and more available, there exists, as we all know, the definite danger that GR-S will be pushed into the background. As a matter of fact, we are approaching the situation where the supply of rubber hydrocarbons, natural and synthetic, will exceed the demand by multiples if new uses for rubber in large volume are not found. The increased use of rubber products in the building and construction industry and in road surfacing might provide such an outlet for rubber. Semiebonite with good aging qualities might find many uses along these lines. It might lend itself to the manufacture of floor coverings, of waterproof wall insulation, etc. The possibilities of using semiebonites from GR-S for tire beads has been suggested in a previously published article, but no detailed study comparing various rubbers has been reported. The primary purpose of this report is to present these basic data, which can be used as starting points for compound development and to point out that we have in the semiebonite range a possibility of using GR-S to advantage. As to butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, with which, in distinction to GR-S, very useful semihard rubber products can be made with phenolic resins, the medium sulfur range opens the possibility of making semiebonites which are easier to process and cheaper than resin combinations. The use of plastics in the rubber industry was recently discussed and summarized by Winkelmann. The compounding of semiebonites with Naftolen-type products offers a means of regulating the plasticity of the uncured stock as well as the elongation of the vulcanizate. Aging and prevention of sulfur bloom appear also improved. In other words, it was found that the combined use of 15 to 20 parts of sulfur with 15 to 50 parts of a Naftolen-type hydrocarbon gives a satisfactory semiebonite with GR-S, as well as with Hycar, and both these rubbers appear superior to natural rubber in semiebonites.

Destructive Hydrogenation of High-Molecular-Weight Polymers. Isobutene Polymer, Butadiene Polymer, and Natural Rubber

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-855
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Ipatieff ◽  
Raymond E. Schaad
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Nickel Oxide ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Molecules ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Destructive Hydrogenation ◽  
Future Publication ◽  
Proper Interpretation ◽  
Naphthenic Hydrocarbons

Abstract Destructive hydrogenation under pressure in the presence of nickel oxide and molybdenum oxide has been used to show the presence of naphthenic hydrocarbons in high-boiling olefin polymer. It was of interest to apply this tool to other hydrocarbons having large molecules, especially rubber and synthetic rubber like polymers. The destructive hydrogenation of isobutene polymer yielded only paraffinic hydrocarbons, including isobutane in the gases. Butadiene polymer, on the other hand, gave only naphthenic products, chiefly ethylcyclohexane and a dicyclic hydrocarbon. Similarly, natural rubber yielded only naphthenes, with p-methylisopropylcyclohexane as the major component of the lower boiling portion of the product. Isoprene, under the conditions used for the destructive hydrogenation of the rubber, yielded isopentane and an unsaturated naphthene, i. e., a hydropolymer of isoprene, which was converted into p-methylisopropylcyclohexane by further hydrogenation. Discussion of the relation of these results to the structures of the polymeric substances hydrogenated is reserved for a future publication of further work now in progress undertaken to aid in the proper interpretation of the above indicated experiments.

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