On the Filler Flocculation in Silica and Carbon Black Filled Rubbers: Part II. Filler Flocculation and Polymer-Filler Interaction

2004 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchy J. Lin ◽  
Terrence E. Hogan ◽  
William L. Hergenrother
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Thermal Annealing ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Tetraethyl Orthosilicate ◽  
Polymer Filler ◽  
End Groups ◽  
Filled Rubbers

Abstract Filler flocculation and polymer-filler interaction in silica and carbon black filled rubbers containing different functional end-groups were investigated. Lithium-hexamethyleneimine initiated polymers terminated with a proton (HMI-P-H), SnCl4 (HMI-P-Sn), and a mixture of SnCl4 and tetraethyl orthosilicate (HMI-P-TEOS) were employed to determine the affinities of various functionalities toward fillers. Reduced filler flocculation was found for compounds of HMI-P-Sn and HMI-P-TEOS after thermal annealing at 171 °C for 15 minutes when compared to the annealed HMI-P-H stock. Curing at the same condition used for annealing gave further suppression of filler flocculation for HMI-P-TEOS stock by increased polymer-filler interaction during cure. Polymer-filler interaction was followed by examining G′ strain dependence and the differences in G′ obtained between HMI-P-Sn or HMI-P-TEOS and HMI-P-H (δG′). This treatment gave a peak maximum in the δG′ plot as a function of strain. The magnitude of the maximum in HMI-P-TEOS stock is double that of HMI-P-Sn stock and increased after thermal annealing. The compound tanδ temperature dependence showed higher hysteresis around the Tg transition and strong dependence at elevated temperatures was found for HMI-P-TEOS stocks. This increased polymer-filler interaction is manifested with increased 0 °C tanδ and reduced 50 °C tanδ which relates to the improved wet traction and rolling resistance for tires.

Yeast as Coupling Agent for Corn Filler in Tyre Tread Compound

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Agrawal ◽  
S.K. Mandot ◽  
N. Mandal ◽  
S. Bandyopadhyay ◽  
R. Mukhopadhyay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Coupling Agent ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Silane Coupling Agent ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Polymer Filler ◽  
Silane Coupling

Tyre manufacturers are continually developing energy efficient, low rolling resistance tyres, using more and more naturally occurring materials, with minimum depletion of petroleum/natural resources. Of all the components of a typical tyre, the tread component contributes most to rolling resistance properties. So continuous efforts are in progress around the globe to develop suitable tread compounds in order to fulfil the above criteria with different filler combinations, including treated fillers. In the present study, the effect of a naturally occurring coupling agent, yeast, was investigated in the context of a corn – carbon black filler system, and the results were compared with those for corn powder treated with a silane coupling agent – carbon black system in a radial passenger tyre tread compound. The yeast increased polymer-filler interaction significantly by modifying the corn surface, giving rise to optimum properties for the tread compound.

The Hysteresis Temperature and Strain Dependences in Filled Rubbers

2006 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Scurati ◽  
Chenchy J. Lin
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Functional Polymers ◽  
Temperature Hysteresis ◽  
Individual Effect ◽  
Polymer Filler ◽  
Filled Rubbers ◽  
Filler Network ◽  
Dynamic Storage ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The strong hysteresis (tan δ) temperature dependence observed in filled compounds containing functional polymers was investigated by studying the individual effect of filler-filler (F-F) and polymer-filler interactions (P-F). Silica filled compounds were prepared by adding n-octyl-triethoxyl or mercatopropyl-trimethoxyl silane. Both silanes are capable of retarding filler flocculation upon heating and give compounds with less developed filler networks either by reducing F-F interactions or by screening filler networks through P-F attachments. The filler network is shown to mediate the low-temperature hysteresis due to the polymer glass transition (Tg) by changing the temperature dependence of the compound dynamic storage modulus (G′). At temperatures far above the Tg, the compound tan δ is governed by mechanisms that control the degree of filler networking. Compounds with less developed networks show weaker strain dependence on G′ and tan δ. Both reduced F-F and increased P-F interactions will give a compound with a less developed network. However, significant reduced tan δ is only found in a system that shows strong P-F interaction due to less energy loss upon deformation by fewer network breakage and increased P-F crosslinks. This is exemplified by comparing the compound loss moduli (G″) of various stocks with corresponding G′ in G-plot (G″ vs. G′).

Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 174-175
Author(s):  
P. Sadhukhan ◽  
J. B. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
Synthetic Polymers ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

scholarly journals Bi-Functional Composting the Sulfonic Acid Based Proton Exchange Membrane for High Temperature Fuel Cell Application

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1000
Author(s):  
Guoxiao Xu ◽  
Juan Zou ◽  
Zhu Guo ◽  
Jing Li ◽  
Liying Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Composite Membrane ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Nafion Membrane ◽  
Silica Nanofiber

Although sulfonic acid (SA)-based proton-exchange membranes (PEMs) dominate fuel cell applications at low temperature, while sulfonation on polymers would strongly decay the mechanical stability limit the applicable at elevated temperatures due to the strong dependence of proton conduction of SA on water. For the purpose of bifunctionally improving mechanical property and high-temperature performance, Nafion membrane, which is a commercial SA-based PEM, is composited with fabricated silica nanofibers with a three-dimensional network structure via electrospinning by considering the excellent water retention capacity of silica. The proton conductivity of the silica nanofiber–Nafion composite membrane at 110 °C is therefore almost doubled compared with that of a pristine Nafion membrane, while the mechanical stability of the composite Nafion membrane is enhanced by 44%. As a result, the fuel cell performance of the silica nanofiber-Nafion composite membrane measured at high temperature and low humidity is improved by 38%.

Ionic Crosslinking of Carboxylated SBR

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 942-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyosaku Sato
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Ion Clusters ◽  
Ionic Crosslinking ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Ionic Bonds ◽  
Tan Δ ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Ionic Crosslinks

Abstract 1. Ionic bonding of carboxylated SBR with zinc oxide is detectable by means of measurements of the temperature dependence of tan δ. There is an α peak in the region of 60°C at 3.5 Hz. The position and shape of the α peak are strongly dependent on the state of cure of the vulcanizates. Without permanent crosslinking, the α peak is a plateau; as the crosslink density increases, the α peak becomes sharper and shifts to lower temperatures. The presence of carbon black causes the α peak to shift to higher temperatures, regardless of the presence of permanent crosslinks. 2. Ionic bonds in carboxylated SBR reacted with zinc oxide are in the form of ion clusters which function as crosslinks at room temperature. The ionic crosslinks provide carboxylated SBR with high tensile strength in the absence of reinforcing fillers. The presence of carbon black causes the 300% modulus to increase. The ionic crosslinks are labile, and the strength is lost at moderately elevated temperatures. A mixed cure system consisting of both sulfur and zinc oxide provides higher heat resistance than either of the single cure systems.

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