The Optical Properties of Rubber

1942 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Unit Group ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
The One

Abstract The general survey which has been presented here shows that, while a number of the optical properties of rubber have been investigated, the measurements of most of them have been more or less preliminary or exploratory in nature and often directed towards some immediately practical application. There appears to be ample opportunity for extended, systematic research on the optical properties for their own sake. The results to be expected from such study may lead in two directions, each of them illustrated in a very preliminary fashion, by examples given in the present paper. The one direction is that of more fundamental knowledge of the constitution of rubber, especially when optical methods are used in conjunction with other types of measurement. An illustration already mentioned is the use of molecular refractivity to confirm the existence of a C5H8 unit containing one double bond as the unit group in rubber. Such work might well be extended as assistance in elucidating the constitution of vulcanized rubber. Another illustration is the use of infrared spectra or Raman spectra to determine the types of chemical bonds present in rubber. The other direction in which a study of the optical properties of rubber may lead is toward the direct solution of practical problems without regard for the theoretical significance of the measurements. Problems of control or analysis might be approached in this manner, since optical methods usually require only small amounts of material, and are often easily adaptable to rapid and precise measurements. Such applications have already been illustrated in preliminary form by the use of refractive index to determine amounts of combined or dissolved sulfur. The solution of practical problems by optical methods is also illustrated by the use of the photoelastic method for the analysis of stresses in rubber. Optical measurements in the past have been restricted in most cases to samples having fairly high light transmission. On this account the work has included only unvulcanized rubber and vulcanized compounds of the “pure gum” type. By the use of very thin sections or by employing methods which are based on the reflection of light rather than its transmission, it should be possible to extend the measurements to many practical rubber compounds which appear to be opaque, but which in reality are dispersions of filler particles in a matrix of transparent rubber.

Transparency of Rubber Compounds Containing Magnesium Carbonate

1937 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. F. Bixby ◽  
E. A. Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Light Transmission ◽  
Magnesium Carbonate ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Fine Particle Size ◽  
Total Light ◽  
Carbonate Sample ◽  
Form Type ◽  
Formula Type

Abstract 1. Basic magnesium carbonates of the type 5MgO·4CO2·xH2O will produce transparent vulcanized rubber. 2. Neutral carbonates of the magnesite type result in stocks of poor light transmission, even at low loading. 3. The basic carbonates, although of extremely fine particle size, are definitely crystalline in structure, as revealed by x-ray analysis. 4. The sample of magnesium carbonate producing the best transparency was a Japanese variety. When 25 per cent by weight was compounded in rubber, an over-all transmission of 45 per cent was produced. None of the domestic varieties gave higher than 36 per cent, and only two samples out of the eighteen examined produced this value. 5. The best Japanese carbonate (sample 3) and the best domestic carbonate (sample 9) possessed the same structure— that of a basic magnesium carbonate of the general form type 5MgO·4CO2·xH2O. 6. The Japanese carbonate, corresponding to the formula type 5MgO·4CO2·6H2O, gave higher total light transmissions at low filler concentrations than the best domestic carbonate, corresponding to the formula 5MgO·4CO2·9H2O. 7. Mixes containing between 25 and 40 per cent by weight of basic magnesium carbonate passed the greatest amount of undeviated light. 8. The amount of undeviated light passed by samples compounded with good Japanese magnesium carbonate and good domestic carbonate was essentially the same between 25 and 40 per cent filler—about 22 per cent. 9. The tensile strength of compounds containing domestic carbonate was higher in the 25 per cent filler range than that of mixtures containing Japanese carbonate.

scholarly journals Temperature Dependence of Stress and Optical Properties in AlN Films Grown by MOCVD

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Wenwang Wei ◽  
Yi Peng ◽  
Jiabin Wang ◽  
Muhammad Farooq Saleem ◽  
Wen Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Compressive Stress ◽  
Sapphire Substrate ◽  
Light Transmission ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Biaxial Stress ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Patterned Sapphire Substrate ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nano Patterning

AlN epilayers were grown on a 2-inch [0001] conventional flat sapphire substrate (CSS) and a nano-patterned sapphire substrate (NPSS) by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. In this work, the effect of the substrate template and temperature on stress and optical properties of AlN films has been studied by using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible spectrophotometer and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). The AlN on NPSS exhibits lower compressive stress and strain values. The biaxial stress decreases from 1.59 to 0.60 GPa for AlN on CSS and from 0.90 to 0.38 GPa for AlN on NPSS sample in the temperature range 80–300 K, which shows compressive stress. According to the TEM data, the stress varies from tensile on the interface to compressive on the surface. It can be deduced that the nano-holes provide more channels for stress relaxation. Nano-patterning leads to a lower degree of disorder and stress/strain relaxes by the formation of the nano-hole structure between the interface of AlN epilayers and the substrate. The low crystal disorder and defects in the AlN on NPSS is confirmed by the small Urbach energy values. The variation in bandgap (Eg) and optical constants (n, k) with temperature are discussed in detail. Nano-patterning leads to poor light transmission due to light scattering, coupling, and trapping in nano-holes.

Optical Properties of (Pb,Eu)Te Thin Films and Superlattices

1986 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Goltsos ◽  
A. V. Nurmikko ◽  
D. L. Partin
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Spin Exchange ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Optical Gap ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Reflectance Measurements

AbstractPhotoluminescence, transmission, and reflectance measurements have yielded information about the states defining an optical gap in thin films and superlattices based on the (Pb,Eu)Te system, including the limit of high Eu concentration. Magneto-optical measurements show the presence of finite spin exchange processes at low Eu-concentrations.

Effect on Vulcanized Rubber Compounds of Immersion in Boiling Water

1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-436
Author(s):  
K. J. Soule
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Anomalous Behavior ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Actual Change

Abstract Further work is very desirable on the effect of different accelerators, antioxidants, and fluxes. It is possible that their study will throw more light on the mechanism of the swelling phenomena, and also help to explain the anomalous behavior of some of the fillers tested. It would also seem to be worth while to study the action of a few selected stocks in water, at several temperatures between room temperature and 100° C., to determine if the water absorption and swelling merely increase with rising temperatures, or whether there might be an actual change in behavior at different temperatures.

scholarly journals Starost, rast i morfometrija otolita palamide (Sarda sarda Block, 1793) iz istočnog Sredozemnog mora

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mado Kotsiri ◽  
Ioannis E. Batjakas
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Age And Growth ◽  
Fish Length ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
The One ◽  
Sarda Sarda

The otoliths of the Atlantic bonito, Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793), were examined with the aim to estimate the age and growth of the species in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and to reveal possible relationships between otolith shape or size and age. All specimens used in this study, ranging from 7.2 to 70.4 cm in fork length and from 20 to 4889 g in total weight, were caught in the Aegean and Ionian Seas during the period 1997-2010. Otolith morphometry was studied using image analysis techniques for all intact sagittae ranging in weight from 0.6 to 11.3 mg and four shape indices were calculated. No statistical significant differences between left and right otolith morphometric variables were found. The age of fish was estimated by counting the pairs of opaque and translucent bands in transversal thin sections of otoliths. The estimated ages ranged from 0+ to 7 years and the von Bertalanffy growth parameters were determined \((L∞=79.9 cm, k=0.261 and to=-1.230 years)\). The examination of the type of growth bands at the outside margin of each otolith per month showed that one translucent band is formed annually during the cold season. The results revealed statistically significant relationships between otolith morphometric variables and fish length or age. Among the variables, otolith weight was the one that showed the highest correlation with age (R=0.77). Therefore, otolith weight could represent a valuable criterion for age estimation in Atlantic bonito that is objective, economic and easy to perform compared to annuli counting method in hard parts.

scholarly journals The physical and optical properties of AZO thin films on teflon substrate at low deposition temperature by spray pyrolysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1222
Author(s):  
Sofea Nabila Hazmin ◽  
F. S. S. Zahid ◽  
N. S. M. Sauki ◽  
M. H. Mamat ◽  
M. N. Amalina
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Spray Pyrolysis ◽  
Deposition Temperature ◽  
Spray Pyrolysis Technique ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Physical Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Visible Reflectance ◽  
Low Deposition Temperature

<span>This paper presents the physical and optical properties of AZO thin films on Teflon substrate at low deposition temperature by spray pyrolysis. In this study, the effect of different process parameters such as spray time and substrate to nozzle distance on the physical and optical characteristic of aluminium doped zinc oxide (AZO) deposited on Teflon substrates was investigated. The AZO thin films were successfully deposited onto Teflon substrate by spray pyrolysis technique at low deposition temperature. The physical analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the deposited Teflon substrate films have a preferred orientation along the direction (100) and (101). Optical measurements were conducted using Jasco/V-670 Ex Uv-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer model to confirms that in visible ray it is possible to get good reflectance of AZO films with a reflection of 80%. The values of band gaps Eg were calculated from the spectra of UV-Visible reflectance that were vary between 3.06 and 3.14 eV. </span>

scholarly journals Optical properties of AlN layers obtained by magnetron sputtering

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 717-721
Author(s):  
Piotr Potera ◽  
Grzegorz Wisz ◽  
Łukasz Szyller
Keyword(s):  
Refractive Index ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Magnetron Sputtering ◽  
Energy Gap ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Transmission Spectra ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Different Content

AbstractThe growth of AlN layers on glass substrates using magnetron sputtering method was performed and the grown layers were subjected to optical measurements. Transmission spectra of the layers grown at different content of N2 in the atmosphere were obtained. The transmission spectra as well as energy gap depended on N2 content. The annealing of the layers in air led to transmission changes and influenced energy gap and refractive index values.

scholarly journals OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF LASER-COLOURING MARKED STAINLESS STEEL

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 242-244
Author(s):  
Pavels Narica ◽  
Svetlana Pan’kova ◽  
Vladimir Solovyev ◽  
Alexander Vanin ◽  
Mikhail Yanikov
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Optical Properties ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Dielectric Permittivity ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Complex Dielectric Permittivity

Laser colour-marking method often displace conventional marking techniques. Complicated technology of laser-induced periodic surface structure creation on stainless steel samples allows changing their surface morphology and optical properties, which were studied in this work by atomic force microscopy (AFM), laser scanning microscopy, reflectance spectroscopy and ellipsometry. Reflectance spectra of the samples demonstrate reflectance maxima correlate with the visible colours of the samples and with the extrema in the non-monotonic spectral dependences of the derivative of real part of complex dielectric permittivity extracted from the ellipsometric data. Thus, the most intensive light scattering takes place when the real part of complex dielectric permittivity falls down quickly with changing wavelength. We did not observe any “azimuth anisotropy” in our optical measurements at constant incidence angle: the spectra were the same independently of the light incidence plane orientation (parallel or perpendicular to the previous laser light spot scanning direction). We suppose that this selective resonance-like light scattering is due to the sample surface inhomogeneity, which is the result of previous laser treatment. This assumption agrees with estimations based on laser microscope and AFM images as well as with predictions of Mie theory. Thus, the colours of the samples under study are due to the light scattering by randomly distributed surface species with different sizes. 

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