Studies of Hard Rubber Reactions VIII. The Corrected Coefficient of Vulcanization, and Its Upper Limit in the Accelerated Raw Rubber Compound

1940 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 926-930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seiiti Numaziri
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Elementary Sulfur ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Theoretical Maximum ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Corrected Coefficient

Abstract In a previous paper (J. Soc. Chem. Ind. Japan 40, 111B (1939)) it was shown that compounds containing up to 60 per cent of sulfur give coefficients of vulcanization higher than the theoretical maximum value of 47. Strictly speaking, however, the sulfur present in these cases can be divided into the following parts : sulfur soluble in acetone; (a) true elementary sulfur; (b) sulfur combined with organic matter; sulfur insoluble in acetone; (c) sulfur combined with rubber; (d) sulfur combined with resins and proteins; (e) metallic sulfide. In the present experiments, these five kinds of sulfur were separated as far as possible to determine the true or corrected coefficient of vulcanization, and its upper limit.

scholarly journals Yield of castor bean fertilized with sewage sludge and potassium and magnesium sulphate

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 773-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thâmara F. M. Cavalcanti ◽  
Geraldo R. Zuba ◽  
Regynaldo A. Sampaio ◽  
João P. Carneiro ◽  
Ely S. A. de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Castor Bean ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Iron Copper ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
N Requirement ◽  
Bean Leaves

<title>ABSTRACT</title><p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield and nutrition of castor bean in response to fertilization with sewage sludge and potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) sulphate. The experiment was carried out from January to July 2011. The treatments, in a randomized block design with three replicates, in a Nitosol, corresponded to a factorial scheme (2 x 4 +1): two doses of K and Mg sulphate combined with four doses of sewage sludge (0, 2.60, 5.20 and 10.40 t ha<sup>-1</sup>, dry basis), applied based on its nitrogen (N) content and the N requirement for the crop and an additional treatment with NPK. The castor bean grain yield fertilized with sewage sludge did not differ from conventional fertilization, with the maximum value achieved at a dose of 7.5 t ha<sup>-1</sup> of sewage sludge. The fertilization with sewage sludge increased zinc and copper levels in the soil to values close to or higher than those in conventional fertilization, without any influence on the concentrations in the leaf. Fertilization with K and Mg sulphate increased the levels of these cations in the soil without affecting the concentrations in the leaves. The fertilization with sewage sludge increased the contents of organic matter, sulfur, zinc, iron, copper and boron in the soil, and manganese and boron in castor bean leaves.</p>

scholarly journals Effects of ozonation and temperature on biodegradation of natural organic matter in biological granular activated carbon filters

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. J. van der Aa ◽  
L. C. Rietveld ◽  
J. C. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Oxygen Removal ◽  
Theoretical Maximum ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract. Four pilot (biological) granular activated carbon ((B)GAC) filters were operated to quantify the effects of ozonation and water temperature on the biodegradation of natural organic matter (NOM) in (B)GAC filters. Removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide were taken as indicators for NOM biodegradation. Ozonation stimulated DOC and AOC removal in the BGAC filters, but had no significant effect on oxygen removal and carbon dioxide production. The temperature had no significant effect on DOC and AOC removal, while oxygen removal and carbon dioxide production increased with increasing temperature. Multivariate linear regression was used to quantify these relations. In summer the ratio between oxygen consumption and DOC removal exceeded the theoretical maximum of 2.5 g O2·g C−1 and the ratio between carbon dioxide production and DOC removal exceeded the theoretical maximum of 3.7 g CO2·g C−1. Bioregeneration of large NOM molecules could explain this excesses and the non-correlation between DOC and AOC removal and oxygen removal and carbon dioxide production. However bioregeneration of large NOM molecules was considered not likely to happen, due to sequestration.

scholarly journals Study of the Optical Properties of Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles in Different Tissues and Their Correlation with the Temperature Increase

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Carrillo-Cazares ◽  
N. P. Jiménez-Mancilla ◽  
M. A. Luna-Gutiérrez ◽  
K. Isaac-Olivé ◽  
M. A. Camacho-López
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Mie Theory ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Theoretical Maximum ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Homogeneous Media ◽  
532 Nm ◽  
Different Tissues ◽  
Functionalized Aunps

Mie theory explains the interaction of light with a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) through the absorption (Cabs), scattering (Csca), and extinction (Cext) cross sections. These parameters have been calculated in the case of AuNPs dispersed in homogeneous media, but not for specific tissues. The aim of this research was to theoretically obtain the optical cross sections (Cabs, Csca, and Cext) of functionalized AuNPs in liver and colon tissues through Mie theory and correlate them with the temperature increase observed experimentally in tissues containing AuNPs under plasmonic photothermal irradiation using a Nd-YAG laser (λ = 532 nm). Calculations showed that Cabs represents 98.96±0.03% of Cext at 532 nm. The Cext value for a functionalized AuNP in water was 365.66 nm2 (94% of the theoretical maximum value at 522.5 nm), 404.24 nm2 in colon (98% of the theoretical maximum value at 525 nm), and 442.39 nm2 in liver (96% of the theoretical maximum value at 525 nm). Therefore, nanoparticles irradiated at 532 nm are very close to their resonance value. These results correlated with the experimental irradiation of functionalized AuNPs in different tissues, where the average temperature increase showed the pattern liver > colon > water. The temperature increase observed (ΔT up to 13°C) is sufficient to produce cellular death.

THE USE OF COALS AS INDICATORS OF THE OCCURRENCE OF OIL AND GAS

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Mineral Matter ◽  
Hydrocarbon Generation ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Upper Limit

Petroleum hydrocarbons are not normal constituents of recent sediments but only appear when a certain stage of diagenesis is reached, through deeper burial. An investigation of the mechanism of formation of oil and gas has shown that an indication of the generation of oil in a sedimentary basin can be obtained by an examination of coals or coaly material encountered during drilling.Coals form a continuous diagenetic and metamorphic series beginning with peat and ending with graphite. Peat and brown coal contain the same type of hydrocarbons as are present in land plants but the composition of coal hydrocarbons changes abruptly in the sub-bituminous to high-volatile bituminous coal range. This is because petroleum-type hydrocarbons are formed at this stage from precursors which are components of waxy leaf cuticles, pollen and spore coatings, by chemical reactions in which oxygen groups are removed from long-chain acids, alcohols and ester waxes. Most Australian oil occurrences are associated with coal-bearing sediments and it appears likely that they are formed at the same stage of alteration, from such land plant residues, finely disseminated in shales and siltstones.The diagenetic changes in coal composition are caused by the increasing temperature accompanying deeper burial, and the composition of a coal, whatever its present depth, is an indication of the maximum temperature to which it has been subjected. The determination of carbon content, reflectivity and other properties of coal samples provided by a number of oil companies, together with laboratory experiments in which petroleum-type hydrocarbons were generated by artificial diagenesis of coal components, indicated that hydrocarbon generation takes place only when the carbon content of the coals approaches 80 percent. In sedimentary basins in Australia the petroleum generation zone occurs at depths varying from 5,500 to greater than 11,000ft., depending upon present or past geothermal gradient.In addition to this lower limit of diagenesis, it has long been maintained that a relation exists (the Carbon Ratio theory) between the likely occurrence of oil and gas reservoirs in a sedimentary basin and the degree of metamorphism of coal if present. The theory sets an upper limit of alteration of organic matter, and states that oil reservoirs are unlikely to occur in areas or at depths in a basin where the 'fixed-carbon' of the coals is greater than about 65 percent (equivalent to a coal of about 85 percent total carbon — dry, mineral-matter free). The Gid-gealpa-Moomba area appears to be a part of the Cooper Basin in which the organic matter is close to this upper limit of metamorphism. The carbon content of the coal at Gidgealpa, associated with gas and light hydrocarbons, is 85-86 percent whereas that at Moomba, associated with dry gas, is higher at approximately 89 percent.Ihus the properties of coal samples encountered during drilling can provide valuable clues for the petroleum geologist in the search for further oil and gas reserves.

scholarly journals Effects of ozonation and temperature on the biodegradation of natural organic matter in biological granular activated carbon filters

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. J. van der Aa ◽  
L. C. Rietveld ◽  
J. C. van Dijk
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Granular Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Theoretical Maximum ◽  
Assimilable Organic Carbon

Abstract. Four pilot (biological) granular activated carbon ((B)GAC) filters were operated to quantify the effects of ozonation and water temperature on the biodegradation of natural organic matter (NOM) in (B)GAC filters. The removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and oxygen and the production of carbon dioxide were taken as indicators for NOM biodegradation. Ozonation stimulated DOC and AOC removal in the BGAC filters, but had no significant effect on oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production. The temperature had no significant effect on DOC and AOC removal, while it had a positive effect on oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. Multivariate linear regression was used to quantify these relationships. In summer, the ratio between oxygen consumption and DOC removal was approximately 2 times the theoretical maximum of 2.6 g O2 g C−1 and the ratio between carbon dioxide production and DOC removal was approximately 1.5 times the theoretical maximum of 3.7 g CO2 g C−1. The production and loss of biomass, the degassing of (B)GAC filters, the decrease in the NOM reduction degree and the temperature effects on NOM adsorption could only partly explain these excesses and the non-correlation between DOC and AOC removal and oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. It was demonstrated that bioregeneration of NOM could explain the excesses and the non-correlation. Therefore, it was likely that bioregeneration of NOM did occur in the (B)GAC pilot filters.

scholarly journals Preparation of Wastelage with Poultry Droppings and Oat Forage (Avena sativa) as a Feed for Cattle

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-237
Author(s):  
H Khatun ◽  
RI Khan ◽  
M Moniruzzaman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Plastic Container ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility ◽  
Poultry Droppings

In this experiment, wastelage was prepared by ensiling Oat forage (Avena sativa) with fresh caged layer excreta (CLE) at varying proportions to investigate the feeding values of wastelage for cattle and protect environment from poultry droppings. Oat forage was mixed with 0, 20, 40 and 60% CLE and 5% molasses in each treatment on dry matter (DM) basis and ensiled in air tight plastic container under room temperature. After 56 days, ensiled mixtures were opened. All the wastelages had desirable aroma, yellowish green color, soft texture and were mould free. The pH, DM, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extra ct (EE), ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE), in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy were significantly influenced by levels of CLE. The percentages of DM, CP and Ash (37.34, 18.95 and 14.45, respectively) were highest in wastelage with 60% CLE (p<0.05) followed by 40 and 20% CLE. The pH, CF and NFE were decreased linearly (p<0.05) from 4.5 to 3.90, 19.91 to 17.81% and 52.34 to 44.71%, respectively as the level of CLE increased from 0 to 60%. In all treatments, the EE content was not significantly influenced by the different level of CLE. The in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy also increased significantly (p<0.05) with the increase of CLE and maximum value (65.5% and 9.10 MJ/kg DM, respectively) was obtained in wastelage with 40% CLE, which was statistically identical with 60% CLE. The results suggest that ensiling Oat forage with up to 60% CLE improve the feeding value of wastelage.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22072 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 233-237 2013

scholarly journals Distribution and Bioconcentration of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water and Fishes

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Li ◽  
Yong Ran
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Ring Compounds ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Partitioning Coefficients

To examine spatial distribution and bioconcentration of PAHs, water and fish samples were collected from Pearl River Delta in summer and spring, respectively. Particulate organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and chlorophyll a were measured. PAHs were dominated by 2- and 3-ring compounds in the water and SPM samples. Aqueous and solid-phase PAHs, respectively, showed significant correlations with total organic matter (TOC) in SPM or dissolved organic matter (DOC) in the water. The in-situ partitioning coefficients (logKoc, mL/g) for the samples were observed to be related tologKow, implying that the hydrophobicity of PAHs is a critical factor in their distribution. It was also observed that BCF increased with the increasingKowin the viscera of tilapia (logBCF=0.507logKow−1.368,r=0.883). However, most of the observed log BCF values in other different fish tissues at first increased with the increasing of logKow, then reached a maximum value whenlogKowis between 5 and 7, and then decreased whenlogKowis higher than 7, indicating that the value of BCF may vary due to the diversity of fish species.

Instrumental assessment of mobile communication base station electromagnetic field exposure

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 853-856
Author(s):  
Sergey Yu. Perov ◽  
Olga V. Belaya
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Measurement Methods ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Frequency Channel ◽  
Theoretical Maximum ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Frequency Selective

Introduction. Monitoring and ensuring safe operating conditions of modern base stations for occupational and general public exposure is relevant with the use of methods for measuring electromagnetic fields, which allow to assess the contribution of different sources to the overall level of the electromagnetic background, taking into account the dynamic features of base stations and the spectral electromagnetic characteristics. The aim of study is the levels of electromagnetic fields assessment from modern base stations using broadband and selective measurement methods, as well as the possibility of predicting the worst exposure conditions. Materials and methods. The levels of electromagnetic fields from base stations according to the LTE2600 standard were evaluated at the maximum transmission traffic (laboratory mearements) and at real variable traffic (field measurements). For broadband measurements, the power density (PD) was estimated, for selective measurements, the PD level in the LTE frequency channel (frequency-selective measurements) and the PD level of the reference signal (code-selective measurements) were evaluated. The theoretical maximum PD level was calculated from the maximum value of the reference signal. Results. When simulating the maximum intensity of data traffic, the PD level in the LTE channel was 94.51-101.39% of the calculated maximum value. According to field measurements, the values of electromagnetic field levels obtained from frequency-selective measurements in the LTE frequency channel were less than the corresponding values estimated from the results of broadband measurements, and were no more than 25% of the theoretical maximum. Conclusions. The use of selective approach and measurement methods made it possible to estimate the maximum possible contribution of a single source to the overall level of the electromagnetic background and to predict the worst conditions for human exposure.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Worldwide Corona Virus (COVID-19) Pandemic Trend; A Modelling Study to Predict Its Spread

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Qasim ◽  
Waqas Ahmad ◽  
Minami Yoshida ◽  
Maree Gould ◽  
Muhammad Yasir
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bound ◽  
Successive Approximation ◽  
Approximation Method ◽  
Successive Approximation Method ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Future State ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Maximum Limit

AbstractObjectiveThe Coronavirus (COVID-19) has advanced into 197 countries and territories leaving behind a total of 372,757 confirmed cases and 16231 deaths.MethodsOne the basis of WHO situation reports data of COVID-19 along with daily official reports from the Japan, China and the Kore we modelled the spread of COVID19 by using the Successive Approximation Method. We defined the two state of data to find the mean ratio (η) of the present cases count to the sum of previous and present cases. This ratio further predicts the future state of COVID-19 pandemic.ResultsThe mean ratio (η) of expected cases were found 0.485, while the mean ratio for deaths was found to be 0.49. We calculated worldwide expected lower bound value for confirmed cases 247007 cases with maximum limit of 1667719 cases and minimum deaths count 8660 with upper limit of 117397 deaths in next 30 days. While in the case of Iran, a large increase in the number of deaths are expected in the upcoming 30 days with lower bound value of 1140 deaths and maximum value of 598478 deaths.InterpretationIran whole population is on risk.

scholarly journals Bacterial degradation of dissolved organic matter released by Planktothrix agardhii (Cyanobacteria)

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Tessarolli ◽  
I. L. Bagatini ◽  
I. Bianchini-Jr. ◽  
A. A. H. Vieira
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Bacterial Degradation ◽  
Planktothrix Agardhii ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Eutrophic Water ◽  
Toxic Blooms ◽  
Kinetics Of

Abstract Although Planktothrix agardhii often produces toxic blooms in eutrophic water bodies around the world, little is known about the fate of the organic matter released by these abundant Cyanobacteria. Thus, this study focused in estimating the bacterial consumption of the DOC and DON (dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen, respectively) produced by axenic P. agardhii cultures and identifying some of the bacterial OTUs (operational taxonomic units) involved in the process. Both P. agardhii and bacterial inocula were sampled from the eutrophic Barra Bonita Reservoir (SP, Brazil). Two distinct carbon degradation phases were observed: during the first three days, higher degradation coefficients were calculated, which were followed by a slower degradation phase. The maximum value observed for particulate bacterial carbon (POC) was 11.9 mg L-1, which consisted of 62.5% of the total available DOC, and its mineralization coefficient was 0.477 day-1 (t½ = 1.45 days). A similar pattern of degradation was observed for DON, although the coefficients were slightly different. Changes in the OTUs patterns were observed during the different steps of the degradation. The main OTUs were related to the classes Alphaproteobacteria (8 OTUs), Betaproteobacteria (2 OTUs) and Gammaproteobacteria (3 OTUs). The genus Acinetobacter was the only identified organism that occurred during the whole process. Bacterial richness was higher at the slower degradation phase, which could be related to the small amounts of DOM (dissolved organic matter) available, particularly carbon. The kinetics of the bacterial degradation of P. agardhii-originated DOM suggests minimal loss of DOM from the Barra Bonita reservoir.

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