Rubber Nanocomposites: Morphology and Mechanical Properties of BR and SBR Vulcanizates Reinforced by Organophilic Layered Silicates

2001 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Ganter ◽  
Wolfram Gronski ◽  
Peter Reichert ◽  
Rolf Mülhaupt
Keyword(s):  
Layered Silicates ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Abstract Rubber compounds based on butadiene rubber (BR) or styrene—butadiene rubber (SBR) containing organophilic layered silicates were prepared. Organophilic silicates were swollen in a rubber/toluene solution. Matrix—filler reactive bonding was performed by adding bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfan (TESPT) during swelling. Excellent dispersion of organoclay nanofillers in rubber matrices was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) exhibiting intercalated and partially exfoliated silicate layers. Matrix—filler interfacial coupling by TESPT led to reduced strain at break and reduced hysteresis for both organoclay and silica-based vulcanizates as expected for successful matrix filler coupling. Organoclay vulcanizates exhibited enhanced hysteresis when compared to silica compounds. This is related to orientation and sliding of anisotropic silicate layers, as determined by online wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) measurements during cyclic tensile testing.

A Study of the Combined use of Carbon Black and Silica in Tyre Tread Formulations

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
A.M. Mokhnatkin ◽  
V.P. Dorozhkin ◽  
E.G. Mokhnatkina ◽  
V.E. Muradyan ◽  
L.A. Zotov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Tread Rubber

A specially designed relaxometer was used to measure the stress relaxation under 30% elongation for tread rubber compounds based on a blend of three rubbers: natural rubber, neodymium butadiene rubber, and oil-extended styrene butadiene rubber. The rubber compounds were filled with carbon black and silica in different ratios: with 80 parts carbon black only, with 80 parts silica only, and with different ratios of carbon black and silica. The method proposed by Bartenev was used to calculate the relaxation specta. The maxima of the spectra at different relaxation times were assigned to different types of interaction: rubber-filler interaction, carbon black-carbon black interaction, silica-silica interaction, carbon black-silica interaction. New maxima were obtained for specimens containing roughly equal amounts of carbon black and silica. These results were compared with data obtained using transmission electron microscopy. The existence of three levels of structure of filled elastomers and the presence of ‘rigid’ rubber around filler particles are suggested.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF FILLER STRUCTURE IN SILICA-FILLED SBR COMPOUNDS BY MEANS OF SAXS AND AFM

2015 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 690-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Otegui ◽  
Luis A. Miccio ◽  
Arantxa Arbe ◽  
Gustavo A. Schwartz ◽  
Mathias Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Force Microscopy ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Primary Particles ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
Filler Structure

ABSTRACT The structure of the silica particles network in two different solution styrene–butadiene rubbers (S-SBRs) was studied by means of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). S-SBR compounds with different silica contents were analyzed in comparison with their oil extended counterparts. A study into the application of SAXS experiments was defined to quantify the structures of silica primary particles and clusters in filled rubber compounds up to very high levels of filler content. We propose a modified structure model that is physically more sound than the widely used Beaucage model and that leads to more robust quantification of the silica structures. In addition, an independent characterization of the filler structure was performed by means of AFM. The cluster and particle sizes deduced from both techniques are in close agreement, supporting the proposed approach. The synergetic application of SAXS and AFM allows a consistent and robust characterization of primary particles and clusters in terms of size and structure. These results were compared and discussed in the framework of previously published works.

scholarly journals Morphological Investigations on Carbon-Black Particles by Atomic Force Microscopy

1994 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Niedermeier ◽  
J. Stierstorfer ◽  
S. Kreitmeier ◽  
O. Metz ◽  
D. Göritz
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Strengthening Mechanism ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Abstract The atomic force microscope (AFM) can profile surfaces similar to the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) at resolutions down to the atomic level. To investigate carbon-black particles and subsequently styrene-butadiene-rubber, filled with carbon black, a STM was modified to run as an AFM. An optical detection system is used to measure the deflection of the cantilever. Atomic resolution was achieved by forces in the order of 5·10−8 N on mica with the AFM. Structural investigations of carbon-black particles of different dimensions with the AFM agree with the data of the manufacturer. The model of the microstructure of such particles, built up of 1–3 nm large, tilted domains of graphite structures, could be confirmed. This surface roughness is probably an important parameter for the strengthening mechanism of carbon black in elastomers.

Incorporation of a recycled rubber compound from the shoe industry in polystyrene: Effect of SBS compatibilizer content

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Bruno Barreto Luna ◽  
Edcleide Maria Araújo ◽  
Danilo Diniz Siqueira ◽  
Dayanne Diniz de Souza Morais ◽  
Edson Antônio dos Santos Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Softening Temperature ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Immiscible Blends ◽  
Shoe Industry ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
The One ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

This research aimed to evaluate the influence of styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) compatibilizer in the polystyrene blends properties with a recycled styrene–butadiene rubber compound. The SBS content was 5, 7.5, and 10%. Commercial high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) was used for comparison. The results indicated that the viscosity of the blends was higher than that of HIPS. The blends compatibilized with 5 and 7.5% had the same level of impact strength as HIPS, while the one with 10% obtained a gain of 80% in relation to HIPS. The flexural strength, hardness, heat deflection temperature, and Vicat softening temperature properties were similar to those of HIPS, which was attributed to the presence of inorganic fillers, minimizing losses in these properties. By atomic force microscopy, two distinct phases were observed, and in the morphology analyzed through scanning electron microscopy, a typical characteristic of immiscible blends was observed.

scholarly journals Insights into the Payne Effect of Carbon Black Filled Styrene-butadiene Rubber Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
An Zhao ◽  
Xuan-Yu Shi ◽  
Shi-Hao Sun ◽  
Hai-Mo Zhang ◽  
Min Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

STUDY ON NANOMORPHOLOGY OF HIGH-STRUCTURE CARBON BLACK AND ITS BOUND RUBBER BY AFM

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 1250003
Author(s):  
JIAN CHEN ◽  
YONGZHONG JIN ◽  
JINGYU ZHANG ◽  
YAFENG WU ◽  
CHUNCAI MENG
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Cluster Structure ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
High Structure

Bound rubber in carbon black (CB) filled rubber (natural rubber (NR) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBS)) was prepared by the solvent method. The nanomorphology of CB and rubber/CB soluble rubber was observed by atomic force microscope. The results show that high-structure CB DZ13 has a "grape cluster" structure which consists of many original particles with the grain size of about 30–50 nm. Graphitizing process of CB decreases the amount of bound rubber. The NR/DZ13 soluble rubber with island–rim structure has been obtained, where the islands are DZ13 particles and the rims around the islands are occupied by NR film. But when the graphitized DZ13 particles were used as fillers of rubber, we have only observed that some graphitized DZ13 particles were deposited on the surface of the globular-like NR molecular chains, instead of the spreading of NR molecular chains along the surface of DZ13 particles, indicating that graphitized DZ13 has lower chemical activity than ungraphitized DZ13. Especially, we have already observed an interesting unusual bound rubber phenomenon, the blocked "bracelet" structure with the diameter of about 600 nm in which CB particles were blocked in ring-shaped SBS monomer.

Thermal conductivity of styrene butadiene rubber compounds with natural rubber prophylactics waste as filler

1999 ◽  
Vol 35 (9) ◽  
pp. 1687-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.S. Saxena ◽  
P. Pradeep ◽  
G. Mathew ◽  
S. Thomas ◽  
M. Gustafsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

scholarly journals Microwave Devulcanized Crumb Rubbers in Polypropylene Based Thermoplastic Dynamic Vulcanizates

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dániel Simon ◽  
István Halász ◽  
József Karger-Kocsis ◽  
Tamás Bárány
Keyword(s):  
Processing Parameters ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Partial Substitution ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Continuous Extrusion ◽  
3D Molecular Structure ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

Because of the chemically crosslinked 3D molecular structure of rubbers, their recycling is a challenging task, especially when cost efficiency is also considered. One of the most straightforward procedures is the grinding of discarded rubber products with subsequent devulcanization. The devulcanized rubber can be used as a feedstock for fresh rubber compounds or can be blended with uncured virgin rubber and thermoplastic polymers to form thermoplastic dynamic vulcanizates (TDVs). TDVs combine the beneficial (re)processability of thermoplastics and the elastic properties of rubbers. Our current work focuses on the development of polypropylene (PP)-based TDVs with the use of a tire model rubber (MR) composed of natural rubber (NR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) in a ratio of 70/30. The research target was the partial substitution of the above fresh MR by microwave devulcanized crumb rubber (dCR). TDVs were produced by continuous extrusion, and the effects of composition (PP/MR/dCR = 40/60/0…50/35/15) and processing parameters (different screw configurations, temperature profiles, the feeding method of PP) were investigated. Results showed that the fresh rubber compound can be replaced up to 10 wt % without compromising the mechanical properties of the resulting TDV.

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