Some Factors Influencing the Road Wear of Tires

1952 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 656-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Stiehler ◽  
M. N. Steel ◽  
J. Mandel
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
The Road ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Primary Object ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Weight Method ◽  
One Year ◽  
Mutually Independent

Abstract Three road tests of tires for tread wear were statistically designed. The design of test equalized the treatment of tires, and included a study of some of the factors influencing the road wear of tires in addition to the primary object of the test. Among these factors were the effects of vehicle, wheel position, day of test, climatic conditions, and length of storage. A study was made also of two methods of measurement-depth of tread grooves and weight loss. The information on these factors was obtained at no increase in cost of test. It was found that atire loses weight at essentially a constant rate, whereas, the depth of the tread grooves decreases at a declining rate, which results in a bias in the tread wear ratings. The weight method was also found to be more sensitive than the depth method. The study of the effects of vehicle and wheel positions led to the conclusion that differences in the rate of wear on different wheels do not affect the tread wear comparisons, since the rate in slow wearing positions is proportional to that in fast wearing positions, and the coefficient of variation is about the same. These results led to the conclusion that geometric rather than arithmetic averages be used in evaluating tread wear. The study of the effect of day of testing and of climatic conditions indicated that the surface temperature of the road and tire has a pronounced effect on rate of wear. Natural rubber treads containing channel black wore faster as the temperature increased, whereas, synthetic rubber tread containing furnace blacks wore faster as the temperature decreased. Other treads wore at about the same rate as the temperature changed. The effect of temperature on tread wear was greater in many instances than the effect of a lower coefficient of friction on wet roadways. Storage of tires generally increased the rate of wear; however, some treads did not wear faster after one year of storage. The object of one test was to determine the effect of type of rubber and black on tread wear. It was found that the rubber and black are mutually independent in their effects. The behavior of natural and synthetic rubbers or of channel and furnace blacks with a change in temperature made it impossible to compare them without stating the conditions of test.

Building Mulholland Highway: The Road to Mulholland Drive

2017 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-226
Author(s):  
Barry Read
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Road Building ◽  
The Road ◽  
Building Technology ◽  
One Year ◽  
Mulholland Drive

A sequel to the author’s article in the preceding issue on the origins, purpose, and planners of Los Angeles’s scenic Mulholland Drive, this article traces the phenomenal accomplishment of the 24-mile mountain road’s construction in one year and under budget. It details the supervision and problem-solving by construction engineer DeWitt L. Reaburn, the bureaucratic streamlining, the use of the latest 1920s road-building technology, and the efficient manpower logistics that made this possible.

In the Light and on the Road

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Crabtree
Keyword(s):  
Rhode Island ◽  
Early America ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Women's Ministry ◽  
The Road ◽  
Cultural Expectations ◽  
Female Autonomy ◽  
On The Road ◽  
One Year ◽  
Gendered Expectations

Patience Brayton (1734–94), a Quaker itinerant minister from Rhode Island, completed two extended journeys: one year-long trip covering the American seaboard and a four-year trek through Ireland and Britain. These journeys required her to leave her husband and young children, navigate hazardous travel conditions, endure incapacitating illnesses (often alone), and contend with those hostile to women’s ministry. This chapter contrasts these feats with post-Revolutionary ideas about the weakness of women’s bodies and minds, arguing Brayton’s narrative resolved this conflict by reiterating her own discomfort with these anomalous experiences and by attributing her strength and success to God. Thus, although her journal documented myriad examples of female autonomy and authority, descriptions of her travels, absences, illnesses, and silences conformed to gendered expectations. While ‘in the light’ Quaker women may have stretched gender norms in early America, they could not escape the gendered boundaries of cultural expectations while ‘on the road’.

scholarly journals Instruments and Methods High Pressure Coupling for Pipe in Deep Water Filled Bore Holes

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
pp. 809-812
Author(s):  
R. L. Shreve
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Internal Diameter ◽  
External Diameter ◽  
Synthetic Rubber ◽  
External Water Pressure ◽  
External Water ◽  
One Year ◽  
Aluminum Pipe

AbstractIn August 1961 an aluminum pipe (3.5 cm. internal diameter, 4.2 cm. external diameter) having 92 specially modified socket couplings (5.0 cm. external diameter) sealed with a quick-polymerizing synthetic rubber was sunk 226 m. in a vertical water-filled bore hole in Blue Glacier, Washington. U.S.A. The geometry of threads and mating surfaces of pipe and coupling was designed to cause increasing external water pressure to tighten the seal. One joint at a depth of 66 m. immediately developed an extremely slow leak (probably because of faulty cleaning), but the other 91 joints apparently were sound, as the pipe was free of water to a depth of at least 157 m. when resurveyed after one year.

Factors influencing short-term re-admission and one-year mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Respirology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 560-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shih-Feng LIU ◽  
Kuan-Chun LIN ◽  
Chien-Hung CHIN ◽  
Yung-Che CHEN ◽  
Hsueh-Wen CHANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
One Year

Factors Influencing the Growth of Salmonella during Sprouting of Naturally Contaminated Alfalfa Seeds

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 888-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
TONG-JEN FU ◽  
KARL F. REINEKE ◽  
STUART CHIRTEL ◽  
OLIF M. VANPELT
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Mesophilic Bacteria ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Alfalfa Seeds ◽  
At Home

In this study, the factors that affect Salmonella growth during sprouting of naturally contaminated alfalfa seeds associated with two previous outbreaks of salmonellosis were examined. A minidrum sprouter equipped with automatic irrigation and rotation systems was built to allow sprouting to be conducted under conditions similar to those used commercially. The growth of Salmonella during sprouting in the minidrum was compared with that observed in sprouts grown in glass jars under conditions commonly used at home. The level of Salmonella increased by as much as 4 log units after 48 h of sprouting in jars but remained constant during the entire sprouting period in the minidrum. The effect of temperature and irrigation frequency on Salmonella growth was examined. Increasing the sprouting temperature from 20 to 30°C increased the Salmonella counts by as much as 2 log units on sprouts grown both in the minidrum and in the glass jars. Decreasing the irrigation frequency from every 20 min to every 2 h during sprouting in the minidrum or from every 4 h to every 24 h during sprouting in the glass jars resulted in an approximately 2-log increase in Salmonella counts. The levels of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, coliforms, and Salmonella in spent irrigation water closely reflected those found in sprouts, confirming that monitoring of spent irrigation water is a good way to monitor pathogen levels during sprouting.

scholarly journals Economic aspects and energy performance of the cooled polycrystalline solar photovoltaic technology

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 162-170
Author(s):  
Henrik Zsiborács ◽  
Béla Pályi ◽  
Gábor Pintér ◽  
Nóra Hegedűsné Baranyai ◽  
Péter Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cooling System ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Cooling Technology

In this paper the economic aspects of the water spraying cooling technology of polycrystalline solar modules with respect to the effect of temperature on performance was examined. The main purpose of this work was to explore the economic relations of the spraying cooling technology of solar modules. In the study 5 kW PV system for residential customers, 5 kW and 50 kW PV system for business customer were studied. In Hungarian climatic conditions, considering the inflation values used, the interest rate, the annual utilization of the cooling system, the expected profit and the maintenance costs show us that neither of the cooling solutions is capable of better payback time than the reference uncooled solar PV system. The further research goal is to determine the usability of the cooling system in such countries which have on the one hand more ideal climatic conditions, on the other hand more predictable green energy feed regulations.

scholarly journals ARDUINO based accident prevention and auto intimation system

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1275
Author(s):  
Palanisamy R ◽  
PLS Sai Kumar ◽  
Mekala Paavan Kiran ◽  
Ashutosh Mahto ◽  
Md. Irfan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
The Road ◽  
Ir Sensors ◽  
Collision Mitigation ◽  
Collision Avoidance System ◽  
On The Road

<p>Often modern cars have a collision avoidance system built into them known as Pre-Crash System, or Collision Mitigation System in order to reduce the collision. But majority of vehicles on the road, especially heavy motor vehicles lack in such a system. In this paper, the implementation of the Collision Avoidance System is to reduce the risks of collisions at the hairpin bend on a Hilly track, Ghats, or other Zero visibility turns. The proposed system contains a set of IR sensors, LEDs, etc. It uses four IR sensors, which are placed on either side of the hairpin bend. The sensors are mutually exclusive and are connected to LEDs through wires. Based on the output of sensors, the LEDs will glow and start alerting the other vehicle approaching from the other end, Hence the drivers will decrease their speeds which would help in preventing collision. The LEDs will help the drivers in detecting the position of  the vehicles on either side of the bend. During climatic conditions like fog, snow, etc, the visibility of the drivers would decrease due to which they will not be able to see the LEDs, Hence, a collision may take place. To bring help as soon as possible to the injured, we have also made a proposed system which would alert the nearby hospitals that an accident has taken place. We have used Arduino UNO, GSM sim module and these will be kept inside a black box which will be inside the, car safe from breakage during the accident.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Improvement of the traffic safety system

2021 ◽  
Vol 334 ◽  
pp. 01015
Author(s):  
Ksenia Shubenkova ◽  
Aleksey Boyko ◽  
Gulnara Yakupova ◽  
Kirill Magdin
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
The Road ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The City ◽  
Haddon Matrix ◽  
Transport Management

Increase of the road safety is the main goal in the sphere of transport management. Authors state that the decision-making process should be based on the analysis of statistical data on the violations, traffic reasons of accidents and problem areas. Official statistics of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate is used as an initial information. As a method to determine factors influencing the traffic safety, the so-called Haddon matrix was used. Efficiency of the proposed recommendations is analyzed from the viewpoint of their role in the process of ensuring safety and sustainability of the city transport system.

Substantiation of factors of influence on traffic safety

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (23) ◽  
pp. 205-213
Author(s):  
Andrii Vozniuk ◽  
◽  
Oksana Hulchak ◽  
Volodymyr Kaskiv ◽  
Yevheniia Shapenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Transport Process ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Safety Risk ◽  
The Road ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Factors Of Influence

Збірник наукових праць «ДОРОГИ І МОСТИ» www.dorogimosti.org.uaISSN 2524-0994. Dorogi i mosti, 2021. Issue 23ТРАНСПОРТНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ21312. Annual safety report 2018. URL: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/statistics/dacota/asr2018.pdf (Last accessed: 01.12.2020) [in English].13. Monitorynh dorozhno-transportnykh pryhod na avtomobilnykh dorohakh zahalnoho korystuvannya derzhavnoho znachennya Ukrayiny za 2018 rik [Monitoring of road accidents on public roads of state importance of Ukraine in 2018] : report. DP «DerzhdorNDI». Kyiv, 2019. 73 p. [in Ukrainian].14. Dmytrychenko M.F., Lanovyy O.T., Polishchuk V.P. Systemolohiya na transporti. Tekhnolohiya naukovykh doslidzhen’ i tekhnichnoyi tvorchosti (Knyha 2) [Systemology in transport. Technology of scientific research and technical creativity (Book 2)]. Kyiv, 2007. 318 p. [in Ukrainian].15. Duran B., Odel P. Klasterniy analiz [Cluster Analysis]. Moscow, 1977. 128 p. [in Russian].16. Zhambu M. Yerarkhycheskii klaster-analiz i sootvetstviya [Hierarchical cluster analysis and correspondences]. Moscow, 1988. 342 p. [in Russian].17. Holdberg A.M., Kozlov V.S. Obshchaya teoriya statistiki [General theory of statistics]. Moscow, 1985. 367 p. [in Russian].Volodymyr Kaskiv1, Ph.D., Associate Prof., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8074-6798Yevheniia Shapenko2, Ph.D., https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0937-9400Oksana Hulchak2, Ph.D., Associate Prof., https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8186-4529Andrii Vozniuk3,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7611-96521 M.P. Shulgin State Road Research Institute State Enterprise – DerzhdorNDI SE, Kyiv, Ukraine2 National Transport University, Kyiv, Ukraine 3 State Road Agency of Ukraine (Ukravtodor), Kyiv, Ukraine SUBSTANTIATION OF FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON TRAFFIC SAFETYAbsractVelocity of personal vehicles or traffic flow for a certain period of time and on a certain section of the road is the main indicator that characterizes the impact of road conditions, environment, technical condition of the car and psychophysiological factors on the driver.To evaluate the each factor impact of on the velocity, survey was conducted on the M-06Kyiv – Chop road. A cluster analysis of field observation data was performed using the Statistica 12 software, connections were established in the middle of the data set, and the obtained data were organized into certain structures. As a result of the clustering, groups of clusters that have the greatest impact on speed were identified. Determining the hierarchy of factors influencing the speed and safety of the transport process shall improve approaches for modeling traffic flow velocity dependences. The paper describes an analysis of road safety risk factors.Problem Statement. The need to modernize approaches for traffic flow prediction, traffic volume distribution on the road network, means and methods of traffic management, traffic management systems in connection with quantitative and qualitative changes in the transport sector of Ukraine.Purpose. Road safety risk factors validation and ranking.Materials and method. Mathematical modeling and cluster analysis using survey data.Results. The dependence of speed on road conditions was improved using mathematical modeling.Conclusions. The hierarchy of factors influencing the speed and safety of the transport process is determined.Keywords: analysis, cluster, safety, road, method, model, velocity.

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