The Rheology of Processing Quality of Raw Rubbers

1947 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1029-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Processing Quality ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
History Of ◽  
Processing Defects ◽  
Processing Control ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Processing Properties

Abstract After a crude rubber, such as Hevea or GR-S, has been compounded with the ingredients necessary for vulcanizing, or curing, the raw mix must be formed in some way before it is cured. This forming operation is nearly always either calendering or extruding. Naturally, it is important that the stock should take the desired form as closely as possible; but in practice it is found that elastomers are in general difficult to form. It seems to be inevitable that those materials which exhibit long-range elasticity after curing also exhibit considerable elasticity before curing and refuse, therefore, to hold their shape after a forming operation. This and other processing troubles were handled in the early history of the rubber industry simply by trial-and-error methods in the factories. Later, particularly during the last ten years, further progress in processing problems was made by introducing various plastometers and other devices for testing specific properties of the raw stock. These test methods replaced simple tests by hand and by visual inspection, and made it possible to set up specifications for some of the stock properties empirically found necessary for acceptable processing. As a final step in processing control, there are now being developed, in the industry, methods for making quantitative measurements of particular processing defects. Such methods involve a small or full-scale processing operation under standardized conditions, and a standardized procedure for quantitative evaluation of the results in terms of departures from perfection. In the present discussion of processing quality of raw stocks in the rubber industry, various specific processing defects are described, various rheological methods used for testing raw stocks are mentioned, and finally, a few experimental results are reported which show correlations between some of the rheological tests and quantitative measurements of certain processing properties.

The Use of Factice in Rubber Manufacture

1936 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Hurlston
Keyword(s):  
Early History ◽  
Intrinsic Properties ◽  
Rubber Content ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
History Of

Abstract The two main classes of vulcanized oil substitute or factice are heat-cured brown factice and cold-cured white factice. They were both introduced into the rubber industry at about the same time (1846–1847), the former variety by Anderson and the latter by Parkes. It has been stated (Twiss, Trans. Inst. Rubber Ind., 7, 234 (1931)) that Parkes first opened a proofing factory at Birmingham but that the business was shortly afterwards absorbed by Chas. Macintosh & Co. and transferred to Manchester. This probably dates the commencement of the use of white factice in proofings. The early history of the development of the use of brown factice on a works scale is more obscure. As the name implies, these vulcanized oils were used in the first place as ingredients which could economically substitute part of the crude rubber content of mixings, but as time went on it became apparent to compounders that these materials possessed intrinsic properties which made them almost indispensable in certain mixings, both for ease of manufacture and for high quality of the resultant article. The utility of factices in the general rubber trade is therefore in many respects analogous to that of reclaimed rubbers.

scholarly journals Stitching Together: Participatory textile making as an emerging methodological approach to research

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Shercliff ◽  
Amy Twigger Holroyd
Keyword(s):  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
First Century ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Learning Skills ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up

Arising from a recently formed research network, Stitching Together, this article introduces a collection of case studies that critically examine participatory textile making as an emerging methodological approach to research. The twenty-first-century resurgence of interest in textile processes such as knitting, sewing and weaving, whether as individual practice or community-based initiative, builds on a long and culturally diverse history of collaborative textile-making activity. This resurgence, combined with the familiarity, accessibility and flexibility of textile practices, has influenced a recent growth in the use of such activities as a means of inquiry within diverse research contexts. The article considers the ways in which collective textile-making projects privilege social encounter as a format for learning skills, creating friendships and consolidating shared interests. It goes on to discuss how researchers are drawing on these characteristics when devising new projects, highlighting the quality of experience afforded by textile making, the diverse forms of data generated and the variety of ways in which these participatory activities can be set up. Recognizing that this research approach is far from straightforward, three key methodological themes are then considered: the multifaceted nature of the researcher’s role and the complexities of relationships with participants and other stakeholders; the difficulties that can arise when using such familiar textile processes; and the opportunities, and complexities, of co-producing knowledge with participants through collaborative textile activity.

scholarly journals 14C Analysis and Sample Preparation at the New Bern Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS (LARA)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (02) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sönke Szidat ◽  
Gary A Salazar ◽  
Edith Vogel ◽  
Michael Battaglia ◽  
Lukas Wacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Carbon Dating ◽  
Climate Research ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
University Of Bern ◽  
The University

The University of Bern has set up the new Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS (LARA) equipped with an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) MICADAS (MIni CArbon Dating System) to continue its long history of14C analysis based on conventional counting. The new laboratory is designated to provide routine14C dating for archaeology, climate research, and other disciplines at the University of Bern and to develop new analytical systems coupled to the gas ion source for14C analysis of specific compounds or compound classes with specific physical properties. Measurements of reference standards and wood samples dated by dendrochronology demonstrate the quality of the14C analyses performed at the new laboratory.

scholarly journals Senza cattedra

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrizia Guarnieri
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Anti Jewish

How was the profile defined for aspiring university professors of a new and controversial discipline such as scientific psychology at the turn of the twentieth century? Who made these assessments when there were as yet no or insufficient professors in the sector? What effect did the hegemonic cultural and political orientations – the ostracism of Croce and Gentile – have on the quality of the discipline, on the fate of the single scholars and on the range of recruitment and academic career mechanisms? A journey into the history of highly topical issues through sources from institutional and private archives. From the liberal age to fascism, the volume concentrates on the first, prestigious Istituto di Psicologia in Italy, set up in Florence by Pasquale Villari, and on the traumatic stories, culminating in the anti-Jewish laws from 1938, of three generations of teachers beginning in 1903.

scholarly journals Predicting the Quality of Service Experienced By the Users Based on the Measurement History of the Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 2286-2290
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Mobile Network ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
Mobile Phone Network ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Mobile Network Operators ◽  
Internet Company

Growing from one generation to the following, wireless networks have frequently been enhancing their efficiency in various methods and also for varied purposes. The increase in the usage of different mobile phone world broad web functions may result in degeneration in the mobile network performance. Such destruction often drops the efficiency of the mobile network solutions that can influence the mobile World broad web consumer's experience, which can create the world wide web individuals switch between different mobile network operators to get excellent customer experience. In this particular situation, the effectiveness of mobile phone network operators primarily relies on the capability to make a certain top quality of experience (QoE), which is a procedure of consumers' identified quality of mobile Internet company. The goal is actually to exploit the information made by and already accessible in the network to appropriately release, set up, and optimize network nodules.

scholarly journals Understanding the Washing Damage to Textile ECG Dry Skin Electrodes, Embroidered and Fabric-Based; set up of Equivalent Laboratory Tests

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Shahood uz Zaman ◽  
Xuyuan Tao ◽  
Cédric Cochrane ◽  
Vladan Koncar
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Sem Analysis ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Severe Damage ◽  
Dry Skin ◽  
Chemical Test ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Set Up

Reliability and washability are major hurdles facing the e-textile industry nowadays. The main fear behind the product’s rejection is the inability to ensure its projected life span. The durability of e-textiles is based on an approximate lifetime of both the electronics and textiles integrated into the product. A detailed analysis of the wash process and the possibility of predicting product behavior are key factors for new standards implementation. This manuscript is focused on the washability issues of different types of woven, knitted, and embroidered, textile-based ECG electrodes. These electrodes are used without the addition of any ionic gel to the skin to reduce impedance. They were subjected to up to 50 wash cycles with two different types of wash processes, and changes in surface resistance, as well as the quality of ECG waves, were observed To investigate the wash damages in detail, the proposed mechanical (Martindale and Pilling box) and chemical test methods were investigated. The electrodes which increased resistance after washing showed the same trend in the proposed test methods. Copper-based electrodes suffered the most severe damage and increased resistance, as was also visible in an SEM analysis. These proposed test methods can be used to predict robustness behavior without washing.

scholarly journals 14C Analysis and Sample Preparation at the New Bern Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS (LARA)

Radiocarbon ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sönke Szidat ◽  
Gary A Salazar ◽  
Edith Vogel ◽  
Michael Battaglia ◽  
Lukas Wacker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Ion Source ◽  
Carbon Dating ◽  
Climate Research ◽  
Accelerator Mass Spectrometer ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up ◽  
University Of Bern ◽  
The University

The University of Bern has set up the new Laboratory for the Analysis of Radiocarbon with AMS (LARA) equipped with an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) MICADAS (MIni CArbon Dating System) to continue its long history of 14C analysis based on conventional counting. The new laboratory is designated to provide routine 14C dating for archaeology, climate research, and other disciplines at the University of Bern and to develop new analytical systems coupled to the gas ion source for 14C analysis of specific compounds or compound classes with specific physical properties. Measurements of reference standards and wood samples dated by dendrochronology demonstrate the quality of the 14C analyses performed at the new laboratory.

scholarly journals Technological Infrastructure and Institutional Set-up for Effective Implementation of GST

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niti Bhasin
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Services ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Long Run ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Central Board

The effective implementation of GST, which is a landmark reform in the history of indirect taxation in India requires, a sound tax administration infrastructure that focuses on simplification as well as compliance. In line with this objective, the government is working towards harnessing information technology to improve the quality of services, and to ensure greater transparency in administration and enforcement of GST. This paper discusses the various steps that have been taken to enhance the technological infrastructure and institutional set-up to ensure that GST is implemented in its intended form. The important steps in this direction include the GSTN and measures implemented by the Ministry of Finance and Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs. It is intended that such measures would not only simplify enforcement but also encourage voluntary compliance in the long-run.

Probiotics in gastroenterology – from a different angle

2013 ◽  
Vol 154 (8) ◽  
pp. 294-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Miklós Buzás
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Probiotic Treatment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Irritable Bowel

After a short overview of the history of probiotics, the author presents the development of human intestinal microflora based on the newest genetic data and the microbiological features of main probiotics. The indications of probiotic administration have been defined and extended in recent years. The author reviews significant results of probiotic treatment in some gastrointestinal diseases based on meta-analytical data. Probiotics are useful in preventing and treating diarrhoea caused by antibiotics and Clostridium difficile caused diarrhoea. In the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, preparations containing certain Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium strains or Saccaromyces boulardii could enhance by 5–10% the rate of successful eradication and reduce the incidence and severity of the side effects. Some symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and thus the quality of life can be improved by probiotics. Their beneficial effect in ulcerative colitis was proven, while in Crohn’s disease has not yet been defined. The use of probiotics is not included in guidelines, with the exception of the Maastricht IV/Florence consensus. For each disease it is advisable to use probiotics containing strains only with proven beneficial effect. The efficiency of preparations containing mixed strains has not yet been properly investigated. The author reviews the rare but potentially serious side effects of probiotics. In Hungary, there are many probiotic preparations available which can be purchased in pharmacies without prescription: their use is more empirical than evidence-based. The European Food Safety Authority has recently rejected claims for probiotics to be classed as medicines given the lack of convincing evidence on the effects of probiotics on human health and well-being. Clearly, further research is needed to collect evidence which could be incorporated into the international guidelines. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 294–304.

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