Reinforcing Effect of Condensation Polymers on Rubber in Connection with Their Particle Size

1956 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 278-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Houwink ◽  
J. van Alphen
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Chemical Bonds ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Reinforcing Effect ◽  
Condensation Polymers ◽  
Abundant Evidence ◽  
Open Question

Abstract It is still an open question to what extent the reinforcing effect of a filler in rubber is due to physical or chemical bonds. There is abundant evidence that the reinforcing effect with regard to modulus, tear strength, and abrasion resistance increases with decreasing particle size. Arguments have been brought forward, however, that below a certain particle size this reinforcing effect diminishes. In most of the experiments involved, carbon black has been used as a filler. In the present paper, data regarding the reinforcing effect of some condensation resins of different particle size are presented in order to bring more light on these questions.

Effect of Diameter and Surface Area of Carbon Black Particles on Certain Properties of Rubber Compounds

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-474
Author(s):  
D. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Carbon Structures ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Regular Manner ◽  
Tear Resistance

Abstract Carbon blacks can be grouped into different classes according to the way in which their fineness of division relates to different properties in rubber. Within any one class the principal properties vary in a regular manner with particle size. The normal class consists of the furnace carbons, Kosmos (Dixie)-40, Statex, the rubber-grade impingement carbons, and possibly, the color-grade impingement carbons. The subnormal classes consist of thermal carbons and acetylene and lamp blacks. Irrespective of the above classification, the properties which depend more on fineness of division than on other factors are rebound resilience, abrasion resistance, tensile strength and tear resistance. The lower limit of particle diameter for best tensile strength and tear resistance appears to be higher than that for abrasion resistance. B.S.I, hardness and electrical conductivity are properties which depend at least as much on other factors as on particle size. Stiffness (modulus) depends more on other factors than on particle size. Factors modifying the effects of particle size (or specific surface) include the presence of carbon-carbon structures and a reduction in strength of bond in rubber-carbon structures. Carbon black is thought to exist in rubber in four states: agglomerated, flocculated, dispersed, and bonded to the rubber molecules (the reënforcing fraction). Abrasion resistance is regarded as providing the only reliable measure of reënforcement.

Reinforcement of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate with Carbon Black/Silica Hybrid Filler Composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 852 ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
S. Vishvanathperumal ◽  
S. Gopalakannan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Hybrid Filler ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Silica Hybrid

Carbon black and silica have been used as the main reinforcing fillers that increase the usefulness of rubbers. In this work the effect of carbon black (high abrasion furnace)/silica hybrid fillers on the mechanical properties, crosslink density and morphological behaviour of ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) was investigated. EVA reinforced with 0/50, 10/40, 20/30, 30/20, 40/10 and 50/0 phr of carbon black (CB)/silica hybrid filler. The total hybrid filler is kept constant at 50 phr (parts per hundred rubbers) and six different compounds were prepared. EVA, CB and silica followed by compounding on a two roll mill and molding at 180°C and 20 megapascal (MPa) pressure. The mechanical properties such as tensile & tear strength, elongation at break and 100% modulus have been measured at 23°C on universal testing machine. Abrasion resistance, hardness and rebound resilience are studied using DIN abrader, Shore A durometer and vertical rebound resilience respectively. The tensile strength, modulus, tear strength, abrasion resistance, hardness and crosslink density increased with the CB filler content in hybrid filler, reached the maximum value at 50 phr of high abrasion furnace carbon black. Morphological properties of composites were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy analysis.

Bound Rubber and Mechanical Properties of Diene Polymers

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Palinchak ◽  
E. E. McSweeney ◽  
W. J. Mueller ◽  
P. B. Stickney
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Diethylene Glycol ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Gel Formation ◽  
Bound Rubber ◽  
Stabilizing Effect

Abstract 1. Tensile strength is apparently a function of the particle size of the pigment and how well it is dispersed in a polymer. 2. Modulus and abrasion resistance are apparently functions of the interaction of the pigment and the polymer. This cannot be attributed entirely to bound-rubber formation, since bound rubber may occur without reinforcement, as shown by the results with silica pigment. 3. Results of processing studies show that Philblack O has a stabilizing effect on the polymer during processing and more consistent and better properties are obtained if processing is performed with carbon black present at temperatures below those for gel formation. This effect is more pronounced for less stable polymers such as polybutadiene. 4. Philblack O slows down gel formation. 5. It is possible that silica may have a destabilizing effect on polybutadiene unless it is buffered with agents such as resins, stearic acids, and diethylene glycol.

Effect of abrasive particle size on tribological behavior of elastomers

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Hakami ◽  
A Pramanik ◽  
AK Basak ◽  
N Ridgway ◽  
MN Islam
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Abrasive Particle ◽  
Tribological Behaviour ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Wear And Friction ◽  
Abrasive Size

Effect of abrasive particle size on tribological behaviour of different elastomers was investigated experimentally in this study. The size of abrasive particle size was varied from coarse (425 µm) to fine (82 µm). Wear rate and coefficient of friction were calculated and analyzed accordingly followed by the examination of worn surfaces by a scanning electron microscope to unravel the wear mechanism. Experimental results showed that abrasive size had a significant effect on wear and friction behaviour of the elastomers. As the abrasive particle size increased, wear rate and coefficient of friction also increased at different rates and exhibited different wear mechanisms that changed from friction to fatigue and roll formation. Mechanical properties of elastomers such as hardness, tensile strength, tear strength, and elongation at break also contributed to wear and friction. The effect of elongation at break and tensile strength on wear rate is more pronounced at lower abrasive particle size, whereas hardness and tear strength play a pivotal role at the higher abrasive size.

Preparation and Impaction on the Yield and Abrasion Resistance of Polycrystalline Diamond Powder of Copper/Graphite Raw Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Chun Lin Li ◽  
Jian Chen
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Heat Treatment Temperature ◽  
Copper Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Polycrystalline Diamond ◽  
Graphite Powder ◽  
Diamond Powder ◽  
Treatment Temperature

Taking earthy graphite and electrolytic powder as raw materials, copper/graphite raw material is prepared by power metallurgy and then polycrystalline diamond powder is prepared by shock wave synthesis. Impaction on yield and abrasion resistance from copper content, particle size of graphite powder, heat treatment and re-pressing process has been researched. As result, yield of polycrystalline diamond powder is decreasing as decreasing copper content. It is decreased dramatically when the copper content is less than 90%. It is increased and then decreased as increasing the particle size of graphite powder, and the better particle size of graphite powder is 70μm. It is increased slightly and then decreased dramatically as increasing heat treatment temperature before re-pressing. The higher the heat treatment temperature, the more the yield after re-pressing. Impaction on the abrasion resistance of polycrystalline diamond powder from the preparing process of copper/graphite is smaller.

Effect of Carbon Black Reinforcing Fillers on Mechanical Properties of NBR Materials Used for the Progressing Cavity Pump

2015 ◽  
Vol 750 ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Pan ◽  
Jin Zhu Tan ◽  
Liu Fei Fan ◽  
Xue Mei Han
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Resistance Property ◽  
Reinforcing Fillers ◽  
Materials Used

Three kinds of reinforcing fillers (i.e. carbon black N330, carbon black N880 and carbon-white) were used to study effect of the reinforcing fillers on the mechanical properties of NBR materials. The NBR materials with various reinforcing fillers were fabricated, and the mechanical property tests were performed in this work. The results show that the carbon black N330 made the NBR material have better tensile strength, hardness, elongation and compression elastic modulus compared to the carbon black N880 and the carbon-white, while the carbon-white made NBR material have better heat resistance, tear strength and elongation compared to the carbon black N330 and the carbon black N880. In addition, the tensile strength, tear strength, elongation and the heat resistance property of the NBR materials increased significantly with the increase of the carbon-white, but the compression elastic modulus decreased with the increase of the carbon-white.

Crease Recovery of Untreated and Resin-Treated Cotton Fabrics

1976 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. U. Mehta ◽  
K. C. Gupta ◽  
V. R. Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Tear Strength ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Cotton Textiles ◽  
Recovery Angle ◽  
Resin Treatment

Cotton textiles received from loomshed undergo various chemical processes before finishing. These processes play an important role in determining the end properties of the unfinished fabric. The effect of processing on tensile strength and fluidity is well known. However, progressive changes in crease recovery, tear strength, and abrasion resistance have not been investigated systematically. Fabric with identical constructions but processed under different conditions often differ considerably prior to resin finishing. In this paper causes for differences in initial crease recovery are discussed. It has been observed that any residual wax present on the fabric after scouring affects the initial crease recovery significantly. Scouring under mild conditions helps to retain a high initial crease recovery. In comparison with thoroughly scoured fabrics, mildly scoured fabrics require less resin to obtain a given crease-recovery angle. The resultant losses in strength after resin treatment are also less.

THE ADSORPTION OF SODIUM MYRISTATE BY CARBON BLACK

1949 ◽  
Vol 27f (11) ◽  
pp. 426-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marguerite A. Reade ◽  
A. S. Weatherburn ◽  
C. H. Bayley
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Particle Size ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Carbon Blacks ◽  
Preferential Adsorption

The adsorption of sodium myristate from 0.1% aqueous solution by a series of carbon blacks and an activated charcoal has been measured at 70 °C. In every case a preferential adsorption of fatty acid was observed. The extent of adsorption of both the fatty acid and alkali components of the soap increased with decreasing particle size, i.e., with increasing surface area, of the carbons. The adsorption by activated charcoal was considerably higher than that obtained with even the finest of the carbon blacks.

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