The Role of Metal Oxides as Activators of Vulcanization

1958 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 526-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Feldstein ◽  
P. Orlovsky ◽  
B. Dogadkin
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Activation Effect ◽  
Vulcanization Process ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

Abstract 1. The activation effect of metal oxides on the process of culvanization of nonpigmented compounds of rod polymerized sodium butadiene rubber differs from the effect in rodless polymerized rubber. In the latter case zinc oxide not only is not an activator but it retards the vulcanization process. 2. The role of activators depends, to a large degree, on the type of vulcanization accelerator and active filler used. 3. Metal oxides increase the amount of structure formation in the vulcanizate. 4. With regard to butadiene styrene rubber (SKS-30A), calcium hydroxide appears to have stronger activating effect on vulcanization than zinc oxide. 5. The special effectiveness of calcium hydroxide in compounds of butadiene styrene rubber is a result of its independent structure forming ability and accelerating influence on the reaction between rubber and sulfur. 6. Magnesium oxide has a positive influence on the technical properties of rubber and on the durability of tires prepared with butadiene styrene and sodium butadiene rubbers.

Metal Oxides as Vulcanization Activators for Sodium Butadiene Rubber

1959 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 164-173
Author(s):  
M. Feldshteĭn ◽  
P. Orlovsky ◽  
B. Dogadkin
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Metallic Oxides ◽  
High Alkali ◽  
Vulcanization Process

Abstract 1. Differences have been found in the action of metallic oxides as vulcanization activators for sodium butadiene rubbers polymerized by the rod and rodless methods. 2. It was found that unloaded mixes based on rodless sodium butadiene rubber, containing accelerators of the thiazole and sulfenamide types, do not require the addition of metallic oxides as vulcanization activators. 3. It was shown that addition of zinc oxide to mixes based on rodless rubber with high alkali contents retards the vulcanization process.

ZINC OXIDE VERSUS MAGNESIUM OXIDE REVISITED. PART 1

2012 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Guzmán ◽  
Berta Vega ◽  
Núria Agulló ◽  
Ulrich Giese ◽  
Salvador Borrós
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Model Compound ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Sulfur Vulcanization ◽  
Activator System

Abstract Zinc oxide is a widely used compound in the rubber industry due to the excellent properties that it shows as activator, and consequently, its role in the mechanism of accelerated sulfur vulcanization has been extensively studied. Due to the increased concern about its environmental effects, several research studies have been carried out in order to substitute it with different metal oxides such us MgO. The effect of the activator system in order to minimize the environmental impact of the rubber goods has been explored. The work developed is presented in two parts. In Part 1, the influence of different mixtures of ZnO and MgO on the vulcanization of natural rubber has been investigated. In Part 2, model compound vulcanization has been used to study the role of MgO on the mechanism to gain a better understanding of the differences shown in Part 1.

scholarly journals The effect of metal oxide on the cure, morphology, thermal and mechanical characteristics of chloroprene and butadiene rubber blends

2019 ◽  
Vol 77 (8) ◽  
pp. 4131-4146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Smejda-Krzewicka ◽  
Anna Olejnik ◽  
Krzysztof Strzelec
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Rubber Blends ◽  
Chloroprene Rubber ◽  
Index Value ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Very High

Abstract This paper discusses the role of metal oxides (MeO) in the cross-linking process and useful properties of chloroprene and butadiene rubber (CR/BR) blends. Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4), silver(I) oxide (Ag2O) or zinc oxide were used. It has found that every proposed metal oxide can be used as a cross-linking agent of the CR/BR blends. The degree of cross-linking was evaluated by means of vulcametric parameters, equilibrium swelling in selected solvents and Mooney–Rivlin elasticity constants. The properties of the cured CR/BR products, such as tensile strength, stress at elongation, tension set under constant elongation and compression set, were also investigated. The results revealed that all CR/BR/MeO vulcanizates were characterized by a high cross-linking degree and satisfying mechanical properties. The most important advantage of obtained rubber goods is very high resistance to flame. The increase in the oxygen index value for the CR/BR/Fe2O3, CR/BR/Fe3O4 and CR/BR/Ag2O vulcanizates compared to the standard cross-linked chloroprene rubber showed that presented metal oxides provided a positive effect on the resistance to flame of the new CR/BR/MeO composites. Satisfactory properties of the studied blends are related to the presence of the interelastomer bonding of both rubbers in the compositions.

ZINC OXIDE VERSUS MAGNESIUM OXIDE REVISITED. PART 2

2012 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Guzmán ◽  
Berta Vega ◽  
Núria Agulló ◽  
Salvador Borrós
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Model Compound ◽  
Rubber Industry ◽  
Sulfur Vulcanization ◽  
Activator System

Abstract Zinc oxide is a widely used compound in the rubber industry due to the excellent properties that it shows as an activator and, consequently, its role in the mechanism of accelerated sulfur vulcanization has been extensively studied. Due to the increased concern about its environmental effects, several research studies have been carried out in order to substitute it with different metal oxides such us MgO. The effect of the activator system in order to minimize the environmental impact of the rubber goods has been explored. The work developed is presented in two parts. In Part 1, the influence of different mixtures of ZnO and MgO in the vulcanization of natural rubber has been investigated. In Part 2 of the study, model compound vulcanization has been used to study the role of MgO on the mechanism to gain a better understanding of the differences shown in the first part.

The role of oxygen vacancies in biomass deoxygenation by reducible zinc/zinc oxide catalysts

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1819-1827 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Xiao ◽  
Helen Bergstrom ◽  
Ryan Saenger ◽  
Benjamin Johnson ◽  
Runcang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Oxygen Vacancies ◽  
Oxide Catalysts ◽  
Selective Removal

Selective removal of oxygen is the key challenge in the upgrading of biomass-derived molecules, and reducible metal oxides have shown the ability to catalytically remove oxygen even at low exogenous H2 pressures.

Short Review: Role of Metal Oxides as Filler in Polysiloxane Sheet Composite

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 27-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sufiah Mohamad Yahya ◽  
A. Azmi ◽  
Maizlinda Izwana Idris ◽  
Muhamad Zaini Yunos ◽  
Shahruddin Mahzan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Metal Oxides ◽  
Injection Moulding ◽  
Zirconium Carbide ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Fabrication Technique

Additional of fillers such as silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3), zinc oxide (ZnO), Zirconium carbide ( ZrC) and Zirconia (ZrO2) would affect the properties of the polysiloxane sheet, that can be applied in various applications. Polysiloxane sheet composites are largely use today with various materials as fillers. The fabrication techniques of the polysiloxane composite sheets include micro-moulding, casting moulding and injection moulding. Application of different fabricating process, physical and mechanical properties of polysiloxane sheet composites. Thus, this paper complies various studies with regards to the various properties of polysiloxane sheet composites established by incorporation of different fabrication technique and fillers.

Analisis Pengembalian Kredit Terhadap Profitabilitas Pada PT Bank Sumut Cabang Gunungsitoli

Owner ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Victorinus Laoli
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Business Continuity ◽  
Working Capital ◽  
The People ◽  
Data Collection Technique

One manifestation of the important role of banking in a region, as implemented by PT Bank Sumut, Gunungsitoli Branch, is to distribute loans for investment, consumption and working capital for the people in the area. The purpose of providing credit for banks is the return of credit that earns interest and can increase income to finance activities and business continuity. From the results of research conducted with this data collection technique, it shows that PT Bank Sumut has a number of loans from 2009 to 2014 which each year rises. From this study, it is also known that the rate of credit repayment has a positive influence on the level of profitability.

Analisis Peranan Kepuasan Dan Komitmen Sebagai Perantara Pengaruh Kualitas Jasa Tutorial Online Terhadap Loyalitas Mahasiswa

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-32
Author(s):  
Andy Mulyana ◽  
Devi Ayuni
Keyword(s):  
Service Quality ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Online Tutorial ◽  
Student Loyalty ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

This study aims to evaluate the role of satisfaction and commitment as mediating the effect of service quality on student loyalty as the user of Open University's Online Tutorial. Based on data analysis on student of Management program 229 as respondents with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), this study found the relationship between: (1) positive influence of service quality to satisfaction and loyalty of students using tuton; (2) the positive effect of satisfaction on student loyalty using tuton; (3) satisfaction is a mediator between service quality and loyalty of students using tuton. Conversely, commitment has no positive effect on student loyalty as a tuton user. In addition, commitment does not mediates the effect of satisfaction on the loyalty of tuton users. Keywords: service quality, satisfaction, commitment, loyalty

The Role of Saline Aerosols in the Prevention and Therapy of Cardio-respiratory and Osteo-muscular Afflictions

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2826-2832
Author(s):  
Ioan Gabriel Sandu ◽  
Viorica Vasilache ◽  
Andrei Victor Sandu ◽  
Marin Chirazi ◽  
Cezar Honceriu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Gaseous Medium ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Active Surface ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Gaussian Distributions ◽  
Gaseous Media ◽  
Source Number

The saline aerosols generated in gaseous media, as nanodispersions, behave, with respect to the concentration levels and the lifespan, as trimodal distributions (the three domains with Gaussian distributions: fine or Aitken under 50 �m, medium between 50 and 500 mm and, respectively, coarse or large between 500 and 1000 mm). The generation in latent state is dependent on the active surface of the source (number of generator centres, the size and position of the fluorescences, the porosity, size and shape of the source, etc.), the climatic parameters, but also on a series of other characteristics of the gaseous medium. Our team has demonstrated experimentally that saline aerosols, NaCl type, besides the ability to prevent and treat broncho-respiratory and cardiac conditions, through coassistance of saline aerosols of other cations than sodium, and of the iodine anion, have for certain levels of concentrations propitious effects over the immune, bone and muscular systems. Similarly proved has been the positive influence on the development of children, as well the determinant role in increasing athletic performance and of other human subjects performing intense activities.

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