Interaction between Rubber and Liquids. IV. Factors Governing the Absorption of Oil by Rubber

1943 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 818-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Gee
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Quantitative Interpretation ◽  
Thermal Agitation ◽  
Quantitative Expression ◽  
Strong Force ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Gas Molecules ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A piece of vulcanized rubber, dropped into benzene, swells to several times its size but retains its shape. With raw rubber, a further stage ensues, in which the rubber flows and ultimately disperses. Inevitably, one tends to form a picture of the rubber attracting and holding the liquid with some strong force. It is the purpose of this paper to explain why this picture is believed to be entirely false, and to give an alternative explanation of the phenomena of swelling and solution. It will be necessary first to consider briefly the way in which simpler materials mix with one another. The simplest possible system is that of two gases which do not react with each other. In a gas the molecules spend most of their time a long way from one another, and the total energy of the system is therefore made up largely of the kinetic energy of thermal motion. As a consequence of this kinetic energy the gas molecules tend, on the average, to distribute themselves uniformly, so that any pair of gases mix completely. A quantitative interpretation can be given to this mixing tendency, in terms of the concept of entropy. Of the various ways in which entropy may be regarded, the most useful for the present purpose is in terms of probability. Qualitatively it is evident that gas molecules in violent thermal agitation are extremely unlikely to arrange themselves so all molecules of one type are confined to one part of the vessel. This is expressed in thermodynamic language by saying that the entropy of such an arrangement would be small. The second law of thermodynamics states that if, as in a gas, there is no change of energy, a system tends to take up the state of maximum entropy, or maximum randomness. A quantitative expression to the relationship between the entropy S and probability W, takes the form:

First and second laws of thermodynamics: relationship, “inconsistency”, hidden effects

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
A. M. Savchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Konovalov ◽  
A. V. Laushkin
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Second Law ◽  
Entropy Of Mixing ◽  
Ideal Mixing ◽  
Laws Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship of the first and second laws of thermodynamics based on their energy nature is considered. It is noted that the processes described by the second law of thermodynamics often take place hidden within the system, which makes it difficult to detect them. Nevertheless, even with ideal mixing, an increase in the internal energy of the system occurs, numerically equal to an increase in free energy. The largest contribution to the change in the value of free energy is made by the entropy of mixing, which has energy significance. The entropy of mixing can do the job, which is confirmed in particular by osmotic processes.

Optimize Mixing Process Parameters of Synchronous Rotor Mixer Based on Orthogonal Method

2012 ◽  
Vol 501 ◽  
pp. 442-447
Author(s):  
Ping Fu ◽  
Feng Bao Bai ◽  
Chuan Sheng Wang ◽  
Shan Hu Li
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Fill Factor ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Mixing Process ◽  
Rotor Speed ◽  
Orthogonal Method ◽  
Cooling Water Temperature ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
The Relationship

In this paper adopting the orthogonal method, self-developed compound formulation had tested, and the relationship between the physical properties of vulcanized rubber and rectangular synchronous rotor mixer parameters had researched. The results showed that when the fill factor was 0.6, the rotor speed was 70r/min, cooling water temperature was 45 °C, pressure on the top bolt was 0.8Mpa, the physical properties of the vulcanized rubber was best.

Carbon Black. I—A Study of Its Volatile Constituents

1928 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Volatile Constituents ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The rates of evolution of gas from carbon black with variation of time, temperature, and pressure have been determined. Complete analyses have been made of five types of carbon black, which involve an organic combustion of the original sample, an organic combustion of the sample after the gases have been removed, a determination of the loss in weight represented by the gases removed, analyses of the gases removed, and finally a complete accounting, or balance, of the carbon in the steps considered. In an attempt to supply some missing information not revealed by the foregoing, some special gas analyses under varying conditions were made. The relationship between the amount and composition of volatile matter evolved from carbon blacks and the properties imparted to vulcanized rubber when compounded with these blacks has been studied.

Evolution of the universe from the perspective of entropy and information

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150111
Author(s):  
Fei-Quan Tu ◽  
Bin Sun ◽  
Meng Wan ◽  
Qi-Hong Huang
Keyword(s):  
Information Entropy ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Boltzmann Entropy ◽  
Evolution Of The Universe ◽  
Thermodynamic Entropy ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
Low Entropy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Entropy Of The Universe

Entropy is a key concept widely used in physics and other fields. At the same time, the meaning of entropy with different names and the relationship among them are confusing. In this paper, we discuss the relationship among the Clausius entropy, Boltzmann entropy and information entropy and further show that the three kinds of entropy are equivalent to each other to some extent. Moreover, we point out that the evolution of the universe is a process of entropy increment and life originates from the original low entropy of the universe. Finally, we discuss the evolution of the entire universe composed of the cosmological horizon and the space surrounded by it and interpret the entropy as a measure of information of all microstates corresponding to a certain macrostate. Under this explanation, the thermodynamic entropy and information entropy are unified and we can conclude that the sum of the entropy of horizon and the entropy of matter in the space surrounded by the horizon does not decrease with time if the second law of thermodynamics holds for the entire universe.

Sources of morphological variation and organization within and among populations of Balsamorhiza sagittata

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Robson ◽  
R. K. Scagel ◽  
J. Maze
Keyword(s):  
Open Systems ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Balsamorhiza Sagittata ◽  
Two Populations

Comparisons of differences between morphological means of individual plant parts indicate that the greatest source of variation in two populations of Balsamorhiza sagittata is the individual plants within populations; within-population diversity is greater than among-population diversity. Variable covariance and correlations differ between individual plants and there are subgroups of interrelated variables that can be tied to developmental phenomena. The relationship between developmental phenomena and these groups of variables suggests a relationship between organizational, as reflected in variable interrelationships, and ontogenetic variation. These results are not adequately explained by neoDarwinian theory but are explained more comprehensively by a theory of evolution that views biological change over time as an intrinsically driven self-organization, accompanied by an increase in complexity (a manifestation of the "Second Law of Thermodynamics" as it applies to open systems).

scholarly journals Use of Internet among Youth and its Effect on Library Attendance

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Sadia Nawaz ◽  
Rabia Ali ◽  
Saira Batool ◽  
Zara Alaudeen
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Quantitative Interpretation ◽  
The World ◽  
Use Of Internet ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Online Sources ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Internet in the last few decades has revolutionized the world and this revolution has also influenced university students. This study was conducted to explore the relationship between use of online sources and library attendance. By using simple random sampling technique 72 female students from the Department of Sociology, International Islamic university Islamabad were selected as respondents for this study. The data was collected through structured questionnaire. Findings were coded and given quantitative interpretation. The findings indicate that the usage of library has decreased due to the availability of internet facility. Students reported to prefer online sources due to the fact that they are conveniently available without the need to visit the library. Constraints in using the library were also reported. Nevertheless the respondents acknowledged the importance of library and the fact that it gives more authentic knowledge compared to online sources.

ATTITUDE DIAGRAMS FOR TORQUEFREE GYROS

1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-65
Author(s):  
F.P.J. Rimrott ◽  
W.M. Szczygielski
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Energy ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fundamental Equations ◽  
The Relationship

For studies of the attitude behaviour of torquefree gyros, the so-called attitude diagram gives the most comprehensive and instructive information. In setting up the relationship, the concepts of kinetic energy and complementary kinetic energy supply the essential foundation. The paper begins with the fundamental equations of gyrodynamics, which are then reduced to expressions for torquefree gyros. After introduction of the attitude diagram, i.e. a Poincaré-type map of the gyro motion, it is shown that a different treatment of the available equations is indicated for cases where, the kinetic energy is high, and for cases where the kinetic energy is low.

scholarly journals Entropy Generation Methodology for Defect Analysis of Electronic and Mechanical Components—A Review

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 254
Author(s):  
Miao Cai ◽  
Peng Cui ◽  
Yikang Qin ◽  
Daoshuang Geng ◽  
Qiqin Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Entropy Generation ◽  
Electronic Devices ◽  
Second Law Of Thermodynamics ◽  
Damage Analysis ◽  
Defect Analysis ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Mechanical Components ◽  
Assessment Problems ◽  
The Relationship

Understanding the defect characterization of electronic and mechanical components is a crucial step in diagnosing component lifetime. Technologies for determining reliability, such as thermal modeling, cohesion modeling, statistical distribution, and entropy generation analysis, have been developed widely. Defect analysis based on the irreversibility entropy generation methodology is favorable for electronic and mechanical components because the second law of thermodynamics plays a unique role in the analysis of various damage assessment problems encountered in the engineering field. In recent years, numerical and theoretical studies involving entropy generation methodologies have been carried out to predict and diagnose the lifetime of electronic and mechanical components. This work aimed to review previous defect analysis studies that used entropy generation methodologies for electronic and mechanical components. The methodologies are classified into two categories, namely, damage analysis for electronic devices and defect diagnosis for mechanical components. Entropy generation formulations are also divided into two detailed derivations and are summarized and discussed by combining their applications. This work is expected to clarify the relationship among entropy generation methodologies, and benefit the research and development of reliable engineering components.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document