A Molecular Theory of Filler Reinforcement Based on the Concept of Internal Deformation

1962 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 857-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyasu Sato ◽  
Junji Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Surface Effect ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Molecular Theory ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Cavitation Effect ◽  
Swelling Equilibrium ◽  
Internal Mechanism ◽  
Internal Deformation ◽  
Filler Reinforcement

Abstract A molecular theory is presented which gives an analytical method to describe filler-reinforced heterogeneous elastomers and the cavitation therein caused by elongation. By using a suitable model and a new concept a proper method of analysis for a heterogeneous system is obtained. By means of this method the overall internal mechanism of filler reinforcement can be understood; especially it is made clear that reinforcement consists of three effects: a volume effect, a surface effect and a cavitation effect. Also, formulas for several main quantities are derived: tension, swelling tension, Young's modulus, local stress distribution, condition for swelling equilibrium, etc.

scholarly journals A Molecular Theory of Filler Reinforcement Based upon the Conception of Internal Deformation (A Rough Approximation of the Internal Deformation)

1963 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 1081-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiyasu Sato ◽  
Junji Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Molecular Theory ◽  
Theoretical Treatment ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Cavitation Effect ◽  
Rough Approximation ◽  
Internal Mechanism ◽  
Internal Deformation ◽  
Filler Reinforcement

Abstract A molecular theory is presented in this paper which gives a method of analysis for the mechanical properties of filler-reinforced elastomers, based upon the concept of the internal deformation and the statistical theory of rubberlike elasticity. By using a suitable model and a few new concepts a proper analysis for such a heterogeneous system is obtained. From the theory the internal mechanism of filler reinforcement is understood. It is made clear that reinforcement consists of three effects: the volume effect, the surface effect, and the cavitation effect. From the theory, formulae for the tension, swelling tension, Young's moduli, local stress distribution, strain birefreingence, condition for swelling equilibrium, and so on are derived. It has long been recognized that rubbery substances and plastic materials are reinforced by incorporation of suitable powdery substances (reinforcing fillers) which improve their mechanical properties such as elastic modulus, hardness, stiffness, resilience, solvent resistance, plastic viscosity, tensile strength, tear resistance, etc. Although numerous attempts have been made to clarify and systematize the internal mechanism of filler reinforcement, there is at present no distinct picture of the mechanism, much less a satisfactory theoretical treatment of the phenomena.

scholarly journals The scattering of light by liquid boundaries and its relation to surface tension. —Part II

1925 ◽  
Vol 109 (749) ◽  
pp. 150-157 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Carbon Disulphide ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Surface Scattering ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Scattering Of Light ◽  
Transparent Liquid ◽  
Extensive Collection ◽  
The Comparative Study

In the first paper, a description was given of the scattering of light by metallic liquid surfaces, particularly of the manner in which the intensity and state of polarisation of the scattered rays vary with the angle of incidence of the primary rays and the direction of observation. We now proceed to consider the phenomena observed when the clean and dust-free surface of a transparent liquid is strongly illuminated. Whereas in the case of metals we have a very few substances which are liquid at ordinary temperatures, an enormous variety of transparent liquids is available for the purpose of the present study. In fact, at the time the investigation was taken up, an extensive collection of pure organic chemicals had been obtained from Kahlbaum, and bulbs containing some 64 different liquids, rendered dust-free by repeated distillation in cacuo , were ready for a programme of quantitative studies of the internal lightscattering. This collection naturally proved very convenient also for the purpose of the comparative study of the surface-scattering, and the extended observations made possible by its aid served to bring out very clearly the influence on the phenomenon of the surface tension of the liquid, and thus to establish its molecular nature. As already remarked in the first paper, in the case of transparent fluids, the surface-scattering is accompanied by the internal-scattering within the liquid when a pencil of light is concentrated upon the surface, but the two effects are distinguishable from each other in several particulars. By using a good achromatic lens to focus a well-defined image of the sun on the boundary, the surface opalescence appears as a sharply bounded circular or elliptic disc of light, whose aspect varies very much with the direction of observation while that of the internal-scattering does not. The colour of the surface opalescence is also much less blue than that of the internal-scattering, and, indeed, by contrast with it appears nearly white. Green, yellow and red filters held in front of the eye diminish the brightness of the volume effect much more (in increasing order) than they do that of the surface effect, and hence assist greatly in studying or photographing the latter phenomenon. The brightness of the surface-scattering also varies with the direction of observation, while that of the internal-scattering in dust-free liquids is practically invariable. In the case of oblique incidence of the primary beam, the surface-opalescence is conspicuously brighter when viewed in directions adjacent to those of the reflected or transmitted pencils than in other directions. In fact, it then stands out very clearly, and may be distinguished even with liquids such as carbon disulphide or nitrobenzene, in which the internal-scattering is so strong that it usually overpowers the surface effect.

Theoretical calculation of cathodoluminescence: Influence of surface and bulk parameters on the depletion region of p-type CdTe

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (06) ◽  
pp. 1650057
Author(s):  
D. Kenieche ◽  
K. Guergouri
Keyword(s):  
Surface Defects ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Depletion Region ◽  
State Density ◽  
Excitation Beam ◽  
Text Type ◽  
Bulk Parameters ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
P Type

The study of the influence of the surface and bulk parameters on the depletion region, created by electronic excitation, has been performed on [Formula: see text]-type CdTe. The surface effect is given by two parameters: the energy of surface defects [Formula: see text] and their surface state density [Formula: see text]. However the volume effect is characterized by the diffusion length [Formula: see text] and the concentration of acceptors [Formula: see text]. This investigation demonstrated that, for high values of the excitation beam intensity, the depth of the depletion region [Formula: see text] decreases as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] decrease and when [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] increase.

scholarly journals The theory of the surface photoelectric effect in metals—I

1934 ◽  
Vol 146 (857) ◽  
pp. 442-464 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Potential ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Photoelectric Effect ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Free Electrons ◽  
Electron Theory ◽  
Conservation Of Energy ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Energy And Momentum

1. In the electron theory of metals it is usually assumed that the electrons can be regarded as moving independently in a periodic potential field, and for certain properties it is sufficient to use the simpler Sommerfeld model, in which the potential inside the metal is constant. The photoelectric effect is not, however, one of these, as the electrons are effectively free, and, as is well known, the photoelectric effect cannot take place with free electrons on account of the impossibility of satisfying simultaneously the laws of conservation of energy and momentum. Because of this, Tamm and Schubin have proposed that the photoelectric emission from a metal should be regarded as arising from the superposition of two effects, the surface effect, due to the rapid changes of potential energy at the surface of the metal, and the volume effect, due to the internal variations of potential; and have further given a theory of the surface effect for an idealized case. Theories apparently of the surface effect, in that they neglect potential variations inside the metal, have also been given by Fröhlich and Wentzel, and the results of all three theories are at variance. The question is examined anew in the present paper, and the conclusion is reached that none of the earlier theories can be accepted as representing the surface effect even for the very idealized case considered. The theory which is believed to be correct is given, and and certain results briefly discussed, leaving to a later paper a more detailed comparison with the empirical facts.

scholarly journals A model for weld strength in ultrasonically consolidated components

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Y Kong ◽  
R C Soar ◽  
P M Dickens
Keyword(s):  
Surface Effect ◽  
Solid Freeform Fabrication ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Weld Strength ◽  
Ultrasonic Consolidation ◽  
Freeform Fabrication ◽  
Metal Parts ◽  
Peel Tests

Ultrasonic consolidation (UC) is a solid freeform fabrication technique developed for the manufacture of metal parts. The mechanisms by which bonds are formed, during the UC process, are based on a combination of the surface effect and the volume effect. Based on the outcomes of peel tests and microstructural analysis, this paper will consider the influence of these two phenomena on the weld strength of specimens. A model is presented to describe how calculations for weld strength may be derived on the basis of the theory of surface and volume effects. Through the application of the model, it was possible to demonstrate that the weld strength may be 7 per cent greater than the tensile strength of the base metal. The identification of the phenomena and the development of a model for weld strength have led to the modification and production of an enhanced test procedure which is described in this paper.

MICROWAVE ABSORPTION STUDIES ON HIGH-TcSUPER CONDUCTORS AND RELATED MATERIALS IX—NON-RESONANT MICROWAVE ABSORPTION IN AN ULTRA-THIN (~100 Å THICK) Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O FILM

1992 ◽  
Vol 06 (23) ◽  
pp. 1439-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. SUGAWARA ◽  
S. TANAKA
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Absorption ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Rear Surface ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Aluminum Foil ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Temperature Dependences

Non-resonant microwave absorption (NRMA) studies have been done for an ultra-thin (~100 Å thick) Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O film fabricated on MgO(100) by MOCVD. The measurements have been done in two cases; either (a) the rear surface of the substrate or (b) the film surface was covered with an aluminum foil to shield microwave radiation. Three types of NRMA signals were observed for the former case, whereas only one type of signals were detected in the latter. The intensities, linewidths and their temperature dependences are qualitatively and quantitatively different in these two cases, possibly indicating a surface effect rather than a volume effect for the NRMA phenomenon.

scholarly journals The photoelectric effect in thin metallic films

1931 ◽  
Vol 133 (822) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Effect ◽  
Light Wave ◽  
Incident Light ◽  
Photoelectric Effect ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Mathematical Treatment ◽  
Thin Metallic Film ◽  
Satisfactory Account ◽  
Constant Potential ◽  
The Many

In spite of the many attempts to obtain a mathematical treatment of the photoelectric effect it cannot be said that a satisfactory account has yet been given. The problem is not made any easier by the discordance which exists between the results of various observers. Although there is no doubt that Einstein’s law of photoelectric emission holds with extreme accuracy, many other features seem to defy certainty, among which may be mentioned the dependence of the current from a thin film on the thickness and on the direction of polarisa­tion of the incident light. Perhaps the most puzzling feature of the whole effect, however, is the extreme inefficiency of the light in producing photo­electrons, the very best result ever obtained in practice being about 100 quanta for each photoelectron emitted, while usually it takes very many more. This means that any electron stimulated by the light has a very poor chance of ever escaping from the metal and it is only by estimating this chance that agree­ment with experiment can be obtained. It seems certain that any theory which does not take into account such things as the damping of the light wave or the absorption of the electrons in trying to escape from the metal (although the relative importance of these two is by no means clear), cannot hope to represent adequately the experimental material. Fröhlich has given a treatment of the photoelectric effect from a thin metallic film, considering it as a potential trough, the electrons being perfectly free. On the basis of this model he calculates the dependence of the current on the frequency and finds that the emerging electrons have a velocity dis­tribution. No account was taken either of the absorption of the light, or of the inelastic collisions of the electrons with the other particles of the lattice. The surprising feature emerged that the current was independent of the thick­ness of the film. This was because free electrons in a field of constant potential have no absorption frequencies (other than zero), and he assumed that the light wave was undamped. An independent treatment of the same problem has been given by Tamm and Schubin, who first consider the electrons as free to get the surface effect, and then as bound to get a volume effect, the photoelectric yield being the sum of the two. The following investigation was undertaken in the hope of improving on these models by taking into account the absorption of the light and to represent, in some measure, the fact that the electrons are not free, but must be considered as partially bound. With this improvement of the model, there is a considerable gain in agreement with experiment, although in some points the model still fails. This may be because we have taken no account of the electrons being absorbed in the film itself, or of the surface layer of impurities which always seems to be present and whose influence is considerable.

scholarly journals A Review on Ultrasonic-Assisted Forming: Mechanism, Model, and Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangda Shao ◽  
Hongwei Li ◽  
Mei Zhan
Keyword(s):  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
Coupling Energy ◽  
Mechanism Model ◽  
Forming Technology ◽  
Ultrasonic Assisted ◽  
Forming Defects

AbstractCompared with conventional forming processes, ultrasonic-assisted forming technology with a high frequency and small amplitude can significantly improve the forming quality of materials. Owing to the advantages of reduced forming force, improved surface quality, avoidance of forming defects, and strengthened surface structure, ultrasonic-assisted forming technology has been applied to increasingly advanced forming processes, such as incremental forming, spinning, and micro-forming. However, in the ultrasonic-assisted forming process, there are multiple ultrasonic mechanisms, such as the volume effect and surface effect. The explanation of the effect of ultrasonic vibration (UV) on plastic deformation remains controversial, hindering the development of related technologies. Recently, many researchers have proposed many new theories and technologies for ultrasonic-assisted forming. To summarize these developments, systematic discussions on mechanisms, theoretical models, and forming performances are provided in this review. On this basis, the limitations of the current study are discussed. In addition, an outlook for ultrasonic-assisted forming is proposed: efficient and stable UV systems, difficulty forming components with complex geometry, explanation of the in-depth mechanism, a systematic theoretical prediction model, and multi-field-coupling energy-assisted forming are considered to be hot spots in future studies. The present review enhances existing knowledge of ultrasonic-assisted forming, and facilitates a fast reference for related researchers.

scholarly journals Nanometer Materials & Nanotechology and T heir Application Prospect

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Guangquan Hu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Surface Effect ◽  
Information Age ◽  
Volume Effect ◽  
The Core ◽  
Quantum Size ◽  
Nanometer Materials ◽  
Genetic Medicine ◽  
Application Prospects ◽  
Unique Surface

Due to the unique surface effect, volume effect and quantum size effect of nanomaterials, the electrical, mechanical, magnetic, optical and other properties of the materials have produced amazing changes. At present, nanotechnology has become one of the hotspots of scientific research. The application of nanotechnology in the future will far exceed the computer industry or genetic medicine, and become the core of the information age in the 21st century. The thesis introduced in detail the characteristics of nanomaterials and the broad application prospects of nanotechnology in the fields of electronics, ceramics and chemical engineering.

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