Structure and Properties of Loaded Rubber Mixtures. VIII. Tensile Strength of Loaded Rubber Mixtures Prepared Directly from Latex

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 624-631
Author(s):  
R. Uzina ◽  
M. Dostian
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Structure And Properties ◽  
Active Filler ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Synthetic Latex ◽  
Active Substances

Abstract 1. The change of physical properties of loaded films of natural latex with the degree of loading is related to a change of distribution of the filler; when the filler content is small a loose structure is formed, which possesses a lower density and strength. 2. Mastication destroys the loose structure which forms in the range of small loadings, and leads to a disappearance of the minima on the corresponding concentration-strength and concentration-density curves. In synthetic-latex mixtures, there is no minimum strength or density for a particular degree of loading, since no loose structure is formed. This is still true after mastication. 4. In natural latex, bentonite clay is an active filler; channel carbon black hardly reinforces such latex mixtures. In synthetic latex (Igetex S-3), channel carbon black shows significant reinforcing properties. 5. Mastication of dried latex mixtures does not change the action of fillers. 6. Mastication of coagulated natural-latex mixtures causes channel carbon black to become an active filler; the behavior of fillers in synthetic latex mixtures is not changed by mastication. 7. The above mentioned phenomena are the result of the action of surface-active substances present in latex and adsorbed on the surface of its globules.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Clay Composites of Polyacrylamide and Poly-2-Hydroxyethylacrylate and Sorbtion Ability in the Case of Cetylpyridinium Bromide

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Beysebekov
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Hydrophobic Interactions ◽  
Aqueous Suspension ◽  
Bentonite Clay ◽  
Organic Polymer ◽  
Cetylpyridinium Bromide ◽  
Composite Gels ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Active Substances

<p>By the three-dimensional polymerization of nonionic (polyhydroxyethylacrylate and polyacrylamide) <br />polymers and bentonite clay from Manyrak deposit (East Kazakhstan Region) and with using of process <br />preliminary intercalation of monomers in an aqueous suspension of bentonite (polymerization in situ) the <br />chemically crosslinked composite gels were synthesized. Optimal conditions of synthesis and physical-chemical properties of composition gels were established. It was shown, that yield of gel fraction increases <br />with increasing contents of bentonite clay. Insignificant adding of negative charged particles of bentonite clay <br />gives to polymer gels of nonionic type polyelectrolyte character, that comes out in decreasing of swelling <br />degree of gels under effect of ionic strength. By using physical and chemical methods of research: equilibrium <br />swelling, IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), sorption-desorption, etc. were shown the <br />formation of compatible, homogeneous, swelling in water polyelectrolyte gels formed via hydrogen bonds <br />between the components of the gel, stabilized by hydrophobic interactions of the organic polymer chains. <br />The possibility of the regulation of swelling ability of the composite gels through varying of the outside and <br />inside factors as: consist of the composition, conditions of intercalation, pH of the environment, temperature <br />and ionic strength was established, that is stimulus sensitivity of gels. The sorbtion capacity of polymer-clay composites in attitude surface active substance cetylpyridinium bromide were estimated. Increasing of <br />temperature of environment and content of bentonite clay in composite promotes the process of sorbtion <br />of surface-active substances. Considerably high sorption capacity of polymer clay composition based on <br />more hydrophilic polymer – polyacrylamide was established. By the results of investigations one may, that <br />synthesized polymer clay composites after suitable investigations can be recommend as sorbents of cationic <br />surface active substances.</p>

Reënforcing Action of Pigment Mixtures on Rubber Compounds

1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-255
Author(s):  
D. J. Beaver ◽  
J. W. MacKay
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Chemical Reaction ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Soft Carbon ◽  
Acidic Compounds

Abstract Mixtures of varying ratios of either channel black or a soft carbon black with whiting, lithopone, or clay show additive physical properties. Mixtures of soft carbon with zinc oxide also show additive properties, while mixtures of channel black and zinc oxide show poorer resistance to abrasion, higher modulus, and higher tensile strength than would be shown by purely additive mixtures. The explanation of these results appears to be found in the chemical reaction between the basic zinc oxide and the acidic compounds in the rubber or on the black. These results have been applied to the formulation of a solid-tire stock which will give a better resistance to abrasion and blow-out when using a soft black than when using a channel black.

Effect of Carbon Black on Curing Behavior, Mechanical Properties and Viscoelastic Behavior of Natural Sponge Rubber-Based Nano-Composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 510-511 ◽  
pp. 532-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Bashir ◽  
M. Shahid ◽  
R.A. Alvi ◽  
A.G. Yahya
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Viscoelastic Behavior ◽  
Nano Composites ◽  
Curing Behavior ◽  
Auxetic Materials ◽  
Viscosity Variation

Natural rubber (polymer designation cis-1-4 polyisoprene, is obtained from the sap ("latex") of several rubber-yielding plants (e.g.,HeveaBrasiliensisandPartheniaargentatum) by coagulation with chemicals, drying, electrical coagulation, and other processes. Foamy or sponge structure of natural rubber (NR) is very useful in aerospace and as auxetic materials (exhibiting negative poisons ratio) for use in application of homeland security.The main aim of this research to estimate the influence of carbon black on mechanical properties, curing and viscosity variation behaviors of the natural rubber based composites. Different amounts of carbon black were used along with other fillers. The influence of carbon black on curing behavior and mechanicalproperties of natural rubber foams was investigated at different feedingratios of the carbon black. The physical properties of the foamed NRs were then measured as a function of carbon blacks content. The mechanical properties of the foamed NRs such as tensile strength,strength at break and modulus,were gradually increased with increasingcarbon black content whereas elongation decreasedat break.

Rupture of Rubber. IV. Tear Properties of Vulcanizates Containing Carbon Black

1957 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 584-595
Author(s):  
H. W. Greensmith
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Tear Properties

Abstract A method of studying tear behavior has been described in a previous paper (Part III, subsequently referred to as III), and was illustrated by results obtained with natural rubber and GR-S gum vulcanizates, i.e., vulcanizates containing no added ingredients apart from those necessary for vulcanization. In the present paper the method is applied to vulcanizates containing different types of carbon black. Vulcanizates of this type are of considerable interest, since the carbon black can appreciably modify physical properties such as stiffness and tensile strength and can induce pronounced anisotropy in tearing, referred to by Buist as knotty tearing.

scholarly journals The Effect of Adding Waste of Cement "Fly Ash" in some of the Mechanical Properties of NBR Composites

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Saad A. Al-Jebory ◽  
M.H. Al-Maamori
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Composite Material ◽  
Composite Materials ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Mechanical And Physical Properties

Composite materials consist of merging two materials or more are different in mechanical and physical properties,The aim of research is to study the effect of changing in the rainforcment percentage by fly ash in mechanical Properties ,for composite material consist of NBR rubber rainforced by carbon black (40pphr) and fly ash (0,15,18,20,23,26,30 pphr), which included tensile strength,modulus,elongation, hardness,tear,rasillince,after rainforced NBR rubber with different weight percentage from fly ash and study the effect on above Properties as illustrated in the diagrams

scholarly journals Utilization of chitin powder as a filler in natural rubber vulcanizates: In comparison with carbon black filler

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Wisdom Okechukwu Egbujuo ◽  
Placid Ikechukwu Anyanwu ◽  
Henry Chinedu Obasi
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Abrasion Resistance ◽  
Filler Content ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
Crab Shell Waste ◽  
Natural Rubber Vulcanizates

AbstractNatural rubber (NR) vulcanizates were prepared from natural rubber and chitin using a two-roll mill. The chitin was extracted from crab shell waste obtained from a local market in Oron, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using the chemical extraction method. The effects of the chitin at different contents (0–40 phr) on the mechanical properties of the NR/Chitin vulcanizates with carbon black as reference filler have been investigated. The tensile strength of the chitin filled natural rubber (NCH), and the carbon black filled natural rubber (NCB) vulcanizates were found to increase with an increase in filler content to reach optimum at 30 phr after which it decreased. The hardness, impact and abrasion resistance properties of the NCH and NCB vulcanizates increased as filler content increases. The tensile strength and abrasion resistance of the vulcanizates containing blends of varying percentages of carbon black to chitin (CBCH) increased as more carbon black (CB) is introduced while the hardness and impact strength increased with increase in chitin content. However, carbon black filled vulcanizates showed better property enhancement than the chitin filler.

Effect of Cis-Trans Ratio on the Physical Properties of 1,4 Polybutadienes

1957 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 1118-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Short ◽  
V. Thornton ◽  
G. Kraus
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Trans Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Brittle Point ◽  
Low Sulfur ◽  
In Cis

Abstract The physical properties of vulcanized 1,4 polybutadienes, prepared by heterogeneous catalysis and ranging from 95 per cent cis to nearly 100 per cent trans configuration, were investigated in gum and tread formulations. Comparisons were made at equal effective (physical) degree of crosslinking for both gum- and carbon black-reinforced stocks and for black stocks at equal 300 per cent modulus. In general, as polybutadienes require less sulfur for adequate vulcanization than trans polybutadienes. Vulcanizates of all 1,4 polybutadienes exceeding 15 per cent in cis content are completely rubbery at ordinary temperatures. Polybutadiene of 93 per cent trans content yields tough, leathery, crystalline vulcanizates at 80° F, which become rubbery at moderately elevated temperatures. Without exception the important physical properties change little between 25 and 80 per cent cis content. At both ends of this range the tensile strength of both gum and black stocks rises as a consequence of increasing chain regularity. However, in gum tensile strength not even the highest cis polybutadienes are equivalent to natural or synthetic cis-polyisoprenes. Black stocks of very good tensile strength with elongations ranging from 500 to 700 per cent are obtained with both cis- and trans-polybutadienes. At the crosslinking level for optimum tensile strength, modulus increases with trans content. The cis-polybutadienes have excellent resilience and low hysteresis and maintain their resilience to temperatures as low as −40° F. The latter is true even of the highest as polymers which crystallize at these temperatures. The tendency to crystallize rapidly at low temperatures disappears between 87 and 82 per cent cis content so that polymers of moderately high cis unsaturation have exceptional low-temperature characteristics. These polymers remain completely rubbery down to their brittle point (ca. −85° C). The excellent resilience of cis-polybutadiene is particularly apparent in carbon black-reinforced stocks. Because of the inherently low modulus of these stocks and their low sulfur requirement, these may be vulcanized to rather high degrees of crosslinking. This results in further improvements in resilience and heat build-up with only moderate sacrifices in tensile strength and ultimate elongation. Vulcanizates of 70 to 80 per cent trans-polybutadienes exhibit evidence of crystallinity over a wide range of temperatures and are probably not completely melted at room temperature. Although their resilience is less than that of the high cis-polybutadienes, it is still somewhat better than that of SBR, particularly at low temperatures. The 1,4 polybutadienes are more resistant to oxidative scission than emulsion polybutadiene or SBR and are greatly superior to natural rubber in this respect. The dominant effect in the aging of 1,4 polybutadienes is crosslinking. Because of their low sulfur requirements the cis polybutadienes offer a particular advantage in aging resistance. None of the polybutadienes exhibits ozone resistance comparable to Hevea.

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