Effect of Associated Salts on the Polymerization of Butadiene by Organosodium Reagents

1953 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-558
Author(s):  
Avery A. Morton ◽  
Frank H. Bolton ◽  
Frances W. Collins ◽  
Edward F. Cluff
Keyword(s):  
Emulsion Polymerization ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Sodium Cation ◽  
Lithium Salts ◽  
Lithium Iodide ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Cesium Fluoride ◽  
Iodine Chloride ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Large Cation

Abstract The alfin catalyst is a combination of sodium salts which causes butadiene to polymerize at extreme rapidity in such a fashion that a greater difference exists between sodium and alfin polymerization than between sodium and emulsion polymerization. Hitherto the combination has been assumed to be binary—allylsodium and sodium isopropoxide—but a new method of preparation has revealed that a halide or pseudohalide salt is essential. Chloride, bromide, and iodide salts of sodium and potassium can be used as the halide component, but fluoride and lithium salts, as a rule, cannot be so employed unless the small size of each ion is compensated by a large cation or anion, respectively, as found in cesium fluoride or lithium iodide. The sodium cation is required for the catalyst. The potassium ion can be tolerated in the alkoxide or halide, but not simultaneousely in both. The lithium ion is in general unsuitable. Alfin polybutadiene is differentiated from sodium-polymerized butadiene by a high proportion of 1,4-structure and by an abnormally high intrinsic viscosity. Iodine chloride causes the polymer to precipitate from solution. All results indicate that polymerization by sodium reagents is in considerable degree controlled by the association of other salts with the sodium reagent.

Recent advances in ferromagnetic metal sulfides and selenides as anodes for sodium- and potassium-ion batteries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhan Wu ◽  
Chenglin Zhang ◽  
Huaping Zhao ◽  
Yong Lei
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Potassium Ion ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Metal Sulfides ◽  
Sodium Ion Batteries ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Cost Competitiveness ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

In next-generation rechargeable batteries, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have been considered as attractive alternatives to lithium-ion batteries due to their cost competitiveness. Anodes with complicated electrochemical mechanisms...

Solubility of Lithium Salts Formed on the Lithium-Ion Battery Negative Electrode Surface in Organic Solvents

2009 ◽  
Vol 156 (12) ◽  
pp. A1019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Tasaki ◽  
Alex Goldberg ◽  
Jian-Jie Lian ◽  
Merry Walker ◽  
Adam Timmons ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Electrode Surface ◽  
Negative Electrode ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Lithium Salts

Difference in chemical bonding between lithium and sodium salts: influence of covalency on their solubility

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (26) ◽  
pp. 17366-17372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Chen ◽  
Jun Ishii ◽  
Shunsuke Horiuchi ◽  
Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita ◽  
Ekaterina I Izgorodina
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Chemical Bonding ◽  
Theoretical Study ◽  
Lithium Salts ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
The Difference

The current theoretical study explains the difference in solubility between lithium and sodium salts in ionic liquids due to increased covalency in lithium salts.

Inhibition of Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase by Salts other than Lithium Chloride

Development ◽  
1956 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-95
Author(s):  
Richard G. Ham ◽  
Robert E. Eakin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Lithium Chloride ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Lithium Ions ◽  
Sodium Salts ◽  
Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Typical Data ◽  
Enzyme Study

Lallier (1954) has shown that 0·4 M lithium chloride strongly inactivates glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase—a finding which might partially explain some of the developmental changes found in lithium-treated embryos. In an attempt to establish an enzymatic basis for the morphological effects of lithium ion on Hydra which have been observed in this laboratory (Ham & Eakin, 1955), we have repeated the enzyme study with lithium chloride and extended it to include a number of other salts as controls. From typical data (Table 1), it is obvious that the inhibition of glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase activity is in no way a specific effect due to lithium ions. Both sodium chloride and potassium chloride produced a greater inhibition than did lithium chloride. From the various sodium salts tested, it was found that the anion may be of more importance than the cation in determining the degree of inhibition, although the cation also has some effect.

Measurement of Serum Lithium by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Pybus ◽  
George N Bowers
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Relative Standard Deviation ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Lithium Salts ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Standard Solutions

Abstract Lithium concentrations in the serum of patients undergoing therapy with lithium salts were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Serum was diluted 10-fold with water. Physiological amounts of sodium and potassium were included in the blank and standard solutions because these cations enhance the lithium signal by 2%. Calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, sulfate, and phosphate at the concentrations found in serum were without effect. Protein clogging of the triple-slot Boling burner was not observed. The relative standard deviation of within-run variability was 0.6% (n = 20 and x = 0.88 mEq/liter), and of daily precision, tested over a month, it was 2.5% (n = 30, x = 0.91 mEq/liter). Recovery of 1.00 mEq of lithium added per liter of serum ranged from 97 to 103%, averaging 99.8%.

7Li NMR Studies of Short-Range and Long-Range Lithium Ion Dynamics in a Heat-Treated Lithium Iodide-Doped Lithium Thiophosphate Glass Featuring High Ion Conductivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 124 (52) ◽  
pp. 28614-28622
Author(s):  
Edda Winter ◽  
Philipp Seipel ◽  
Vanessa Miß ◽  
Stefan Spannenberger ◽  
Bernhard Roling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Ion Conductivity ◽  
Ion Dynamics ◽  
Lithium Iodide ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
7Li Nmr

scholarly journals Impact of Lithium Salts on the Combustion Characteristics of Electrolyte under Diverse Pressures

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5373
Author(s):  
Changcheng Liu ◽  
Que Huang ◽  
Kaihui Zheng ◽  
Jiawen Qin ◽  
Dechuang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Pool Fire ◽  
Lithium Salts ◽  
Experimental Sample ◽  
Lower Altitude

The electrolyte is one of the components that releases the most heat during the thermal runaway (TR) and combustion process of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, the thermal hazard of the electrolyte has a significant impact on the safety of LIBs. In this paper, the combustion characteristics of the electrolyte such as parameters of heat release rate (HRR), mass loss rate (MLR) and total heat release (THR) have been investigated and analyzed. In order to meet the current demand of plateau sections with low-pressure and low-oxygen areas on LIBs, an electrolyte with the most commonly used lithium salts, LiPF6, was chosen as the experimental sample. Due to the superior low-temperature performance, an electrolyte containing LiBF4 was also selected to be compared with the LiPF6 sample. Combustion experiments were conducted for electrolyte pool fire under various altitudes. According to the experimental results, both the average and peak values of MLR in the stable combustion stage of the electrolyte pool fire had positive exponential relations with the atmospheric pressure. At the relatively higher altitude, there was less THR, and the average and peak values of HRR decreased significantly, while the combustion duration increased remarkably when compared with that at the lower altitude. The average HRR of the electrolyte with LiBF4 was obviously lower than that of solution containing LiPF6 under low atmospheric pressure, which was slightly higher for LiBF4 electrolyte at standard atmospheric pressure. Because of the low molecular weight (MW) of LiBF4, the THR of the corresponding electrolyte was larger, so the addition of LiBF4 could not effectively improve the safety of the electrolyte. Moreover, the decrease of pressure tended to increase the production of harmful hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas.

scholarly journals Six-Membered-Ring Malonatoborate-Based Lithium Salts as Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (39) ◽  
pp. 57-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Hanjun Zhang ◽  
Peter F. Driscoll ◽  
Brett Lucht ◽  
John B. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion Batteries ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Lithium Salts
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