Glass Transition in Carbon Black Reinforced Rubber

1968 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1194-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. A. Smit
Keyword(s):  
Glass Transition ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Adsorbed Layer ◽  
Simple Liquids ◽  
Black Surface ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Abstract It can be stated that the effect of carbon black in a rubber vulcanizate with regard to dynamic properties can be explained by assuming physical adsorption of rubber on the black surface. The effect can be represented by assuming an adsorbed layer having different properties from the bulk rubber taking the layer thickness to be at least 20 A. Adsorption-desorption from this layer causes non-linearity and may contribute to losses observed in the glass transition. This adsorption is analogous to adsorption of simple liquids in microporous systems such as silica gel and activated carbon.

PHYSICAL ADSORPTION STUDIES IN CARBON BLACK TECHNOLOGY

1955 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 314-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. Polley ◽  
W. D. Schaeffer ◽  
W. R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Adsorption Isotherms ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Chemisorbed Oxygen ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
Cyclic Heat ◽  
Black Surface

The adsorption isotherms of n-butane and butene-1 on typical furnace and channel carbon blacks were determined over a range of temperatures, 55°–250 °C. The adsorption of n-butane on carbon black surfaces is attributed to physical adsorption; however, the extent of surface covered per unit area of carbon black is considerably greater at a given temperature than for a silica. Butene-1 is also physically adsorbed on the furnace blacks. The presence of approximately 3% chemisorbed oxygen on the surface of the channel blacks induces an isomerization of butene-1 to cis-butene-2. When oxygen is first chemisorbed on a furnace black surface, then that surface also interacts with butene-1. Those blacks which participate in the isomerization of butene-1 respond or "interact" in a cyclic heat treated Butyl rubber – carbon black masterbatch.

Adsorption and Calorimetric Investigations on Carbon Black Surfaces. III. Immersion Heats in Model Elastomers and Isosteric Heats of Adsorption of C-4 Hydrocarbons

1972 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. Wade ◽  
M. L. Deviney ◽  
W. A. Brown ◽  
M. H. Hnoosh ◽  
D. R. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heat Evolution ◽  
Carbon Substrate ◽  
Heats Of Adsorption ◽  
Adsorption Sites ◽  
Heat Of Wetting ◽  
Black Surface

Abstract The heats of immersion of U-1 channel and SAF, SPF, HAF-HS, and HAF furnace blacks have been measured at 25° C in three isoprenoid olefins and four liquid elastomers of the polybutadiene, polyisoprene, and SBR types. An extensive microcalorimeter redesign was necessary because of the high viscosity of these latter fluids. The immersion heats observed with the liquid elastomers were similar to n-decane immersion heats and there was little evidence for specific interactions between these liquids and any of the blacks. The possibility that the very high structure SPF black gives slightly enhanced immersion heats should be further investigated. Since only integral immersion heats could be measured with the non-volatile liquid elastomers, the possibility is not ruled out that specific, relatively high-energy interactions may occur between the adsorbate and a very small fraction of the black surface. The similarities between the immersion heats with n-decane and the liquid elastomers indicate that almost all of the carbon black surface is accessible to the polymer segments. It appears that the rate of heat evolution may be considered a measure of the rate of attainment of intimate molecular contact between the liquid and carbon substrate. The enhancement in heat of wetting with increasing chain length over the C6 to C16 n-alkane series reported by others with a highly uniform, graphitized black was not observed with HAF. Isosteric heats of adsorption of n-butane and butene-1 at low surface coverages on several carbon blacks were calculated from adsorption isotherms obtained with a precision microgravimetric system. The isosteric heats as a function of coverage curves were typical of those expected for heterogeneous surfaces and reflected the presence of high energy physical adsorption sites at low coverages (θ<0.1).

Capillary Adsorption of Nanostructure Carbonic Materials for Nitrobenzene in Wastewater

2011 ◽  
Vol 415-417 ◽  
pp. 1717-1720
Author(s):  
Yu Feng Sun ◽  
Ai Min Zhang ◽  
Bing Cheng Peng ◽  
Zong Tang Liu ◽  
Zheng Hao Fei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Adsorption Mechanism ◽  
Capillary Condensation ◽  
Nitrogen Adsorption ◽  
Adsorptive Capacity ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The aims of this work were to make use of carbonic materials to remove nitrobenzene in wastewater and investigate adsorption mechanism. The adsorption ability of different carbonic materials for nitrobenzene was compared. It was found that carbon nanotubes and carbon black exhibited higher adsorptive capacity than coconut activated carbon and granular activated carbon at the same experimental conditions. The specific surface areas and pore distribution was obtained by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption. We concluded that the capillary condensation in mesopores played an important role in the adsorption process owing to special nanostructure of carbon nanotubes and carbon black.

scholarly journals Temporal Changes of Adsorbed Layer Thickness and Electrophoresis of Polystyrene Sulfate Latex Particles after Long Incubation of Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolytes with Different Charge Densities

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2394
Author(s):  
Thi Hai Yen Doan ◽  
Tien Duc Pham ◽  
Johan Hunziker ◽  
Thu Ha Hoang
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Electrophoretic Mobility ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Adsorbed Layer ◽  
Charge Densities ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Desorption Equilibrium ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Oppositely Charged

The different desorption concepts of the two polyelectrolytes PTMA5M and PTMC5M, which have similar molecular weights and differ in the charge density on the polystyrene sulfate latex (PSL) particles by 25 times, and with various charge densities in a long incubation, were systematically investigated based on hydrodynamic adsorbed layer thickness (δH) and electrophoretic mobility (EPM) under two ionic strengths in the present study. Herein, in the case of highly charged polyelectrolyte PTMA5M, desorption continued for 4 h and re-adsorbing proceeded after a longer incubation time higher than 4 h. Meanwhile, in the case of lowly charged polyelectrolyte PTMC5M, an adsorption–desorption equilibrium was suggested to take into account the unchanging of both δH and EPM.

scholarly journals Pectin/Activated Carbon-Based Porous Microsphere for Pb2+ Adsorption: Characterization and Adsorption Behaviour

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2453
Author(s):  
Ri-si Wang ◽  
Ya Li ◽  
Xi-xiang Shuai ◽  
Rui-hong Liang ◽  
Jun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Texture Profile ◽  
Langmuir Isotherm Model ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

The development of effective heavy metal adsorbents has always been the goal of environmentalists. Pectin/activated carbon microspheres (P/ACs) were prepared through simple gelation without chemical crosslinking and utilized for adsorption of Pb2+. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the addition of activated carbon increased the porosity of the microsphere. Texture profile analysis showed good mechanical strength of P/ACs compared with original pectin microspheres. Kinetic studies found that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption rate was controlled by film diffusion. Adsorption isotherms were described well by a Langmuir isotherm model, and the maximum adsorption capacity was estimated to be 279.33 mg/g. The P/ACs with the highest activated carbon (P/AC2:3) maintained a removal rate over 95.5% after 10 adsorption/desorption cycles. SEM-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum and XPS analysis suggested a potential mechanism of adsorption are ion exchange between Pb2+ and Ca2+, electronic adsorption, formation of complexes, and physical adsorption of P/ACs. All the above results indicated the P/ACs may be a good candidate for the adsorption of Pb2+.

scholarly journals Highly Effective Adsorption of Caffeine by a Novel Activated Carbon Prepared From Coconut Leaf

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvio N. Oliveira ◽  
Alex T. Meneses ◽  
Samara F. de Melo ◽  
Franciele M. R. Dias ◽  
Maisa T. B. Perazzini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Adsorption Desorption

Abstract The disposal of coconut wastes is costly and damaging to the environment, but its uses are advantageous activated carbons production. Coconut leaves waste were used for activated carbon production by pyrolysis at 500º C and activation with potassium carbonate. The activated carbon was used for caffeine removal from aqueous solution. The coconut leaves activated carbon showed a predominantly amorphous structure from X-ray diffraction analysis and a pH at the zero charge point of 7.9. From the N2 adsorption/desorption method, the adsorbent showed a predominance of mesopores, with average pore size of 45.48 ηm and a surface area of 678.03 m2/g. From kinetic studies the data followed the pseudo-second order, where the intraparticle diffusion can be neglected. The adsorption isotherms were satisfactorily adjusted for the Redlich-Peterson model and a type curve L was identified. The thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption occurred spontaneously, was exothermic and governed by physical adsorption. The artificial neural networks developed were capable of predicting both kinetics and equilibrium adsorption data under different operating conditions and was comparable to the traditional models available in literature in the training experiments, encouraging its use for data generalization when an efficient dataset is used. In conclusion, coconut leaves waste showed to be a promising feedstock to produce activated carbon aiming caffeine removal from water and wastewater.

scholarly journals Swift Reduction of Nitroaromatics By Gold Nanoparticles Anchored On Steam-Activated Carbon Black Via Simple Preparation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukui Fu ◽  
Cui Lai ◽  
Wenjing Chen ◽  
Huan Yi ◽  
Xigui Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Catalytic Performance ◽  
Metal Nanoparticle ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Au Nps ◽  
Nanoparticle Catalysts ◽  
Loading Amount ◽  
Adsorption Desorption ◽  
Desorption Method

Abstract Gold (Au) nanoparticles supported on certain platforms display highly efficient activity on nitroaromatics reduction. In this study, steam-activated carbon black (SCB) was used as a platform to fabricate Au/SCB catalysts via a green and simple method for 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction. The obtained Au/SCB catalysts exhibit efficient catalytic performance in reduction of 4-NP (rate constant kapp = 2.1925 min-1). The effects of SCB activated under different steam temperature, Au loading amount, pH and reaction temperature were studied. The structural advantages of SCB as a platform were analyzed by various characterizations. Especially, the result of N2 adsorption-desorption method showed that steam activating process could bring higher surface area (from 185.9689 m²/g to 249.0053 m²/g), larger pore volume (from 0.073268 cm³/g to 0.165246 cm³/g) and more micropore for SCB when compared with initial CB, demonstrating the suitable of SCB for Au NPs anchoring, thus promoting the catalytic activity. This work contributes to the fabrication of other supported metal nanoparticle catalysts for preparing different functional nanocomposites for different applications.

Adsorption/desorption properties of activated carbon on toluene with operation condition and characteristics

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seo-Hyun Pak ◽  
◽  
Myung-Seop Shin ◽  
Hyun-Jung Kim ◽  
Yong-Woo Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Operation Condition ◽  
Adsorption Desorption
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