Quinoid Curing of Butyl and Natural Rubbers

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Gan ◽  
C. H. Chew
Keyword(s):  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Red Lead

Abstract The vulcanization of butyl and natural rubbers by p-dinitrosobenzene (DNB), p-quinone dioxime (GMF) and p-quinone dioxime dibenzoate (dibenzo GMF) oxidized by various oxidants was investigated. Good curing efficiency (E=1.2) was achieved for a butyl system containing GMF or dibenzo GMF oxidized by red lead (Pb3O4). It was estimated that about 85% of the combined quinoid agent was in the form of crosslinks and the remaining 15% might be present as pendant groups. In contrast to butyl rubber, NR could also be cured slowly by GMF or dibenzo GMF alone. Simple ZnO or PbO was effective in activating dibenzo GMF to produce quinoid-NR vulcanizates with good scorch safety. But the highest crosslink density was obtained from equimolar dibenzo GMF/Pb3O4. Low crosslinking efficiency (E=3–6) was generally observed in the quinoid-NR systems. Quinoid vulcanization mechanisms are discussed. The crosslinks consist mainly of the anil structure in the butyl system, while azoxy crosslinks might also be present in the NR system.

Vulcanization of Butyl Rubber by p-Quinone Dioxime

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Gan ◽  
G. B. Soh ◽  
K. L. Ong
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactions ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Red Lead

Abstract The vulcanization of butyl rubber by p-quinone dioxime oxidized by red lead and tetrachloroquinone was investigated. The maximum physical effective crosslinking density of the vulcanizates appeared to be when p-quinone dioxime and the oxidizing agent were equimolar. The formation of one physical effective crosslink required one molecule of p-quinone dioxime. Chemical reactions are suggested for the vulcanization steps.

Vulcanization of Butyl Rubber: Curative Effects of 2-Pentadecylbenzoquinonedioxime

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 692-697 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Ghatge ◽  
N. N. Maldar
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Structure Property Relationships ◽  
Rubber Vulcanizate ◽  
Aging Study ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
Good Retention

Abstract The structure-property relationships of butyl rubber vulcanizates derived from quinonedioxime-red lead or quinonedioxime-MBTS-sulfur cure systems were studied. The effects of the dioxime curatives on the mechanical properties of the elastomer are discussed on the basis of rheological and heat-aging study. It was found that a 2-pentadecylbenzoquinonedioxime-MBTS-sulfur cured butyl rubber vulcanizate shows good retention of tensile strength on heat aging at 125°C.

Thermoelastoplasts based on the mixture of thermoplastic polyolefins and butyl rubber

2018 ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Z. N. Guseynova ◽  
◽  
N. T. Kakhramanov ◽  
B. A. Mamedov ◽  
V. S. Osipchik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Butyl Rubber

Technological characteristics of injection molding of dynamic elastoplasts based on thermoplastic polyolefins and butyl rubber

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
N. T. Kakhramanov ◽  
◽  
Z. N. Huseynova ◽  
V. S. Osipchik ◽  
R. V. Kurbanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Molding ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Technological Characteristics

Partial replacement of carbon black by nanoclay in butyl rubber compounds for tubeless tires

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1054-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Kumar Harikrishna Kumar ◽  
Subramaniam Shankar ◽  
Rathanasamy Rajasekar ◽  
Pal Samir Kumar ◽  
Palaniappan Sathish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Normal Vascular and Nerve Distribution of the Pes Region in Dogs: An Anatomical and Diagnostic Imaging

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Distal Limb ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Lateral Plantar Nerve ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
Arcuate Artery

To investigate the normal anatomical distribution of the arterial blood supply, venous drainage and innervation on both the dorsal and plantar aspects of pes region including the level of tarsal joint due to its clinical importance with a little data available. Methods: Ten hind paws of five adult apparently healthy domestic dogs of both sexes; six paws injected, through blood vessels with colored latex neoprene for anatomical dissection and the other four paws injected a contrast mixture of red lead oxide and turpentine oil for the radiographic investigation of blood vessels. In addition to five live dogs used to apply the distal limb local anesthesia with the aid of Needle-Guided Ultrasonography. Results: This investigation revealed that the dorsal and plantar aspects of dog pes region supplied by superficial and deep sets of arteries, veins and nerves. The three dorsal metatarsal arteries originated from the arcuate artery. The medial tarsal vein forming characteristic venous arcades. The 3rd plantar metatarsal artery divided into two axial arteries while the 2nd and 4th continued axially without division. The plantar common digital and metatarsal nerves II, III, IV communicated to give origins of the axial and abaxial plantar proper digital nerves except the abaxials of the 2nd and 5th digits which supplied by a branch from medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve respectively. Conclusion: There were little differences between dogs and other carnivores in vascularization of hind paw with the recommendation of using Needle-Guided Ultrasonography in the distal limb local anesthesia to avoid vascular puncture or damage.

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