Normal Vascular and Nerve Distribution of the Pes Region in Dogs: An Anatomical and Diagnostic Imaging

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Distal Limb ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Lateral Plantar Nerve ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Red Lead ◽  
Arcuate Artery

To investigate the normal anatomical distribution of the arterial blood supply, venous drainage and innervation on both the dorsal and plantar aspects of pes region including the level of tarsal joint due to its clinical importance with a little data available. Methods: Ten hind paws of five adult apparently healthy domestic dogs of both sexes; six paws injected, through blood vessels with colored latex neoprene for anatomical dissection and the other four paws injected a contrast mixture of red lead oxide and turpentine oil for the radiographic investigation of blood vessels. In addition to five live dogs used to apply the distal limb local anesthesia with the aid of Needle-Guided Ultrasonography. Results: This investigation revealed that the dorsal and plantar aspects of dog pes region supplied by superficial and deep sets of arteries, veins and nerves. The three dorsal metatarsal arteries originated from the arcuate artery. The medial tarsal vein forming characteristic venous arcades. The 3rd plantar metatarsal artery divided into two axial arteries while the 2nd and 4th continued axially without division. The plantar common digital and metatarsal nerves II, III, IV communicated to give origins of the axial and abaxial plantar proper digital nerves except the abaxials of the 2nd and 5th digits which supplied by a branch from medial plantar nerve and lateral plantar nerve respectively. Conclusion: There were little differences between dogs and other carnivores in vascularization of hind paw with the recommendation of using Needle-Guided Ultrasonography in the distal limb local anesthesia to avoid vascular puncture or damage.

Arterial Blood Supply and Angiography of the Fore Foot in One- Humped Camel (Camelus dromederius)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Digital Artery ◽  
Detailed Data ◽  
Arterial Blood Supply ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Median Artery ◽  
Dorsal Metacarpal Artery

The present study was conducted on eight fresh forelimbs to investigate a detailed anatomical description of the arterial blood supply in adult dromedary camel’s foot. Anatomical and angiographic techniques were used in order to give detailed data about the origin and pattern of distribution of these arteries. Moreover, this data serve other researchers in comparison with different animals. The specimens injected with red colored gum milk latex for anatomical dissection and urograffin injection for angiographic purposes throughout the median artery. The main arterial blood supply of camel’s digit was derived from common palmar digital artery, palmar metacarpal artery, in addition to smaller branches detached from the dorsal metacarpal artery.

scholarly journals Two muscular variations in the elbow associated with the anterior interosseous nerve

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Olewnik ◽  
Bartłomiej Szewczyk ◽  
Nicol Zielinska ◽  
Dariusz Grzelecki ◽  
Michał Polguj
Keyword(s):  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Ulnar Artery ◽  
Flexor Pollicis Longus ◽  
Main Band ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Pronator Teres ◽  
Anterior Interosseous Nerve ◽  
Male Cadaver ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe coexistence of different muscular-neurovascular variations is of significant clinical importance. A male cadaver, 76 years old at death, was subjected to routine anatomical dissection; the procedure was performed for research and teaching purposes at the Department of Anatomical Dissection and Donation, Medical University of Lodz. The right forearm and hand were dissected using standard techniques according to a strictly specified protocol. The presence accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus may potentially compress the anterior interosseous nerve. The present case report describes a rare variant of the ulnar head of the pronator teres, characterized by two independent bands (i.e., two proximal attachments). The main band originates from the coronoid process and the second originates from the tendon of the biceps brachii. This type of attachment could potentially affect the compression of the ulnar artery running between the two bands. Additionally, the accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus was observed, which started on the medial epicondyle; its coexistence with a high division median nerve creates a potential pressure site on the anterior interesosseous nerve.

Real-Time Ultrasound and Color-Doppler Imaging in Pulmonary Sequestration

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-623
Author(s):  
BEVERLEY NEWMAN
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Color Doppler ◽  
Pulmonary Sequestration ◽  
Color Doppler Imaging ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Venous System ◽  
Doppler Imaging ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Arterial Blood

Pulmonary sequestrations are congenital masses of aberrant, nonfunctioning pulmonary tissue that usually do not connect with the bronchial tree and derive their arterial blood supply from systemic vessels, most often the distal thoracic or upper abdominal aorta. The majority of sequestrations are intralobar and contained within the visceral pleura of the normal lung; these usually have their venous drainage to the pulmonary venous system. Extralobar sequestrations have a separate pleural covering and usually drain to systemic veins or the portal venous system.1-3 Patients most often come to clinical attention with repeated respiratory infections.2 The sequestered segment is usually visualized radiographically as a nonaerated opacity at the medial lung base, more often left-sided.

Studies on the Pathophysiology of Encephalopathy in Reye's Syndrome: Hyperammonemia in Reye's Syndrome

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 999-1004
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Shannon ◽  
Robert De Long ◽  
Barry Bercu ◽  
Thomas Glick ◽  
John T. Herrin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Respiratory Alkalosis ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Reye's Syndrome ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Cerebral Venous Drainage ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
The Brain

The initial acid-base status of eight survivors of Reye's syndrome was characterized by acute respiratory alkalosis (Pco2=32 mm Hg; Hco3-= 22.0 mEq/liter) while that of eight children who died was associated with metabolic acidosis as well (HCO3-=10.0 mEq/liter). Arterialinternal jugular venous ammonia concentration differences on day 1 (299 mg/100 ml) and day 2 (90 mg/ 100 ml) reflected cerebral uptake of ammonia while those on days 3 and 4 (-43 and -55 mg/100 ml) demonstrated cerebral release. Arterial blood hyperammonemia can be detoxified safely in the brain as long as the levels do not exceed approximately 300µg/100 ml. Beyond that level lactic acidosis is observed, particularly in cerebral venous drainage. Arterial blood hyperammonemia was also related to the extent of alveolar hyperventilation. These findings are very similar to those seen in experimental hyperammonemia and support the concept that neurotoxicity in children with Reye's syndrome is at least partly due to impaired oxidative metabolism secondary to hyperammonemia.

Involvement of trigeminal spinal nucleus in parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation in cat lower lip

2002 ◽  
Vol 282 (2) ◽  
pp. R492-R500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Mizuta ◽  
Satoshi Kuchiiwa ◽  
Takashi Saito ◽  
Hideaki Mayanagi ◽  
Keishiro Karita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Kainic Acid ◽  
Local Anesthesia ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Lower Lip ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Flow Increase ◽  
Spinal Nucleus ◽  
Stimulation Of

We examined whether the trigeminal spinal nucleus (Vsp) forms part of the central mechanism by which electrical stimulation of the central cut end of the lingual nerve (LN) evokes parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation in the lower lip in artificially ventilated, cervically vagosympathectomized cats deeply anesthetized with α-chloralose and urethane. For this purpose, we made microinjections within the brain stem to produce nonselective, reversible local anesthesia (lidocaine) or soma-selective, irreversible neurotoxic damage (kainic acid). Local anesthesia of Vsp by microinjection of lidocaine (2%; 1 μl/site) reversibly and significantly reduced the ipsilateral-LN-evoked parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation. Unilateral microinjection of kainic acid (10 mM/site; 1 μl) into Vsp ipsilateral to the stimulated LN led to an irreversible reduction in the reflex vasodilatation but had no effect on the vasodilatation elicited by stimulation of the contralateral LN. Such microinjection of kainic acid into Vsp had no effect on the vasodilatation evoked by electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral inferior salivatory nucleus. Electrical stimulation of Vsp elicited a blood flow increase in the lower lip in an intensity- and frequency-dependent manner, regardless of whether systemic arterial blood pressure rose or fell. Hexamethonium (1.0 mg/kg iv) significantly reduced the vasodilator responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the central cut end of LN or of Vsp, each to a similar degree. After hexamethonium, both vasodilator responses showed time-dependent recovery. These results strongly suggest that Vsp is an important bulbar relay for LN-evoked parasympathetic reflex vasodilatation in the cat lower lip.

A Variation In The Origin And Course Of The Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery And The Deep Brachial Artery: Clinical Importance Of The Variation

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-167
Author(s):  
Alexandar A. Iliev ◽  
Lazar G. Mitrov ◽  
Georgi P. Georgiev
Keyword(s):  
Blood Supply ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Brachial Artery ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
Axillary Nerve ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Teres Major ◽  
Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery

Summary A case of an unusual variation of the blood supply of an upper limb is presented. During a routine anatomical dissection, it was found that the posterior circumflex humeral artery had an unusual course and branching. It arose as a branch of the brachial artery, not the axillary one, and it did not accompany the axillary nerve. It ran under the lower border of the teres major muscle instead of passing through the lateral axillary foramen, then followed its usual course around the surgical neck of the humerus, supplying the deltoid muscle. It was also found that instead of arising from the brachial artery, the deep brachial artery arose from the posterior circumflex humeral artery. Variations are reported and their clinical relevance is discussed.

Influence of neuropeptide Y on regional vascular capacitance in dogs

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (1) ◽  
pp. H165-H170 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Deschamps ◽  
A. Fournier ◽  
S. Magder
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Neuropeptide Y ◽  
Superior Vena ◽  
Flow Distribution ◽  
Venous Drainage ◽  
Venous Compliance ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Transit Times ◽  
Autonomic Reflexes ◽  
Regional Blood Volume

To determine the effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on regional vascular capacitances, we measured the regional blood volume (Vb), unstressed volume (V0), blood flow distribution, venous compliance (Cv), venous resistance (Rv), and the time constant of venous drainage (tau v) in the splanchnic and extrasplanchnic circulation of 13 dogs anesthetized with chloralose. Cardiac output was kept constant with circulatory bypass. The extrasplanchnic region was further divided into superior vena caval (SVC) and inferior vena caval (IVC) regions. Vb was measured in the splanchnic and SVC regions using indicator dilution curves and the mean transit times. Changes in venous outflow pressures were used to change regional volumes, and a stop-flow procedure was used to obtain the regional venous filling pressures. This allowed construction of pressure-volume (P-V) curves and the calculation of Cv, Rv, and tau v. Hexamethonium chloride was infused throughout the experiment to prevent autonomic reflexes. Sham injections had no effects on four dogs. In nine dogs, NPY (bolus of 7.4 x 10(-8) or 14.8 x 10(-8) mol and 0.37 mol/min infusion) increased arterial blood pressure from 98.4 +/- 4.2 to 121.3 +/- 6.9 mmHg (P < 0.001), decreased splanchnic Vb from 31.6 +/- 2.1 to 24.9 +/- 1.8 ml/kg (P < 0.01), and decreased splanchnic V0 from 21.8 +/- 2.6 to 12.1 +/- 2.2 ml/kg (P < 0.001). SVC volumes were not affected by NPY. Extrasplanchnic Cv increased with NPY, but splanchnic Cv did not change. Thus exogenous NPY infusion decreases splanchnic capacitance, which could potentially increase venous return and cardiac output.

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