Detection of the Molecular Orientation in Nonvulcanized and Vulcanized Natural Rubber Compounds by the Low-Temperature X-Ray Method

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Udagawa ◽  
M. Ito
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Molecular Orientation ◽  
Ray Method ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Abstract The low-temperature x-ray method can detect the orientation of NR molecules in both vulcanizate samples and nonvulcanizate samples of NR compounds. The presence of carbon black is important for causing the orientation. NR molecules orient in the direction of stretch-relaxation in the case of uniaxially fatigued vulcanizates or in the direction of shear in the case of nonvulcanizates prepared by various processing methods. The orientation of NR molecules in nonvulcanizates usually disappears when vulcanized, but a fairly large extent of molecular orientation remains, even after vulcanization, if there exist crosslinks in the oriented nonvulcanizate and the sample is prevented from shrinkage.

Influence of carbon black on the Payne effect of filled natural rubber compounds

2020 ◽  
pp. 108586
Author(s):  
Xuanyu Shi ◽  
Shihao Sun ◽  
An Zhao ◽  
Haimo Zhang ◽  
Min Zuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Payne Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Characterization of Snap-On Calf Nipple Product and Development of its Compound Formulation Based on Natural Rubber

2017 ◽  
Vol 744 ◽  
pp. 282-287
Author(s):  
Sarawut Prasertsri ◽  
Sansanee Srichan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Rubber Compound ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Rubber Component

This research aimed to develop the formulation of natural rubber filled with carbon black, silica and calcium carbonate for rubber calf nipple application. The reverse engineering was performed on the calf nipple product to analyze the rubber type and component by using Soxhlet extraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Furthermore, mechanical properties were examined to act as benchmark for the rubber compound design. The results showed that rubber component in the nipple product was natural rubber, whereas two filler types revealed as carbon black and calcium carbonate with 10 and 35 of the total weight. In addition, rubber nipple showed the hardness of 46±1 Shore A and tensile strength of 5.3±0.60 MPa. From the investigation of the properties of developed rubber compounds in this work, it was found that the mechanical properties depended on type and content of filler. The required mechanical properties of vulcanizates were achieved at 20 phr of carbon black (N330), 20 phr of silica and 120 phr of calcium carbonate.

scholarly journals Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sattayanurak ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pure Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Wet Grip

Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.

Effect of filler-filler interaction on rheological behaviour of natural rubber compounds filled with both carbon black and silica

2003 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Seen Choi ◽  
Changwoon Nah ◽  
Seung Goo Lee ◽  
Chang Whan Joo
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Rubber Compounds
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