Visualization of Flow during the Processing of Rubber in an Internal Mixer

P. K. Freakley; W. Y. Wan Idris

doi:10.5254/1.3535197

Visualization of Flow during the Processing of Rubber in an Internal Mixer

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3535197 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 134-145 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

P. K. Freakley ◽

W. Y. Wan Idris

Keyword(s):

Fill Factor ◽

Mixing Efficiency ◽

Visualization Method ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Streamline Flow ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Internal Mixing ◽

Key Variables ◽

Internal Mixer

Abstract The flow visualization method of studying internal mixing has been shown to be a powerful tool for determination of the critical factors influencing flow and mixing efficiency. Correlation of visualizations with results obtained for “practical” rubber mixing confirms the validity of the method for the prediction of flow in conventional mixing operations. Fill factor is identified as one of the key variables influencing mixing uniformity. At this stage it is not possible to make general recommendations since only limited studies were carried out. However, from the dependence of mix uniformity on fill factor derived from a B Banbury having two-wing rotors, fill factors of 0.7–0.8 are shown to give the best results. This range of fill factors provides an adequate and continual filling of the region in front of the rotor tip and ensures that the high stresses required for the fracture of particle material aggregates are generated. It also permits the formation of voids behind the rotor tips. Such voids appear to be essential for the disordering of streamline flow patterns and for promoting effective axial tranfer of material.

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Prospects for the Improvement of Bioethanol and Biohydrogen Production from Mixed Starch-Based Agricultural Wastes

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13246609 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (24) ◽

pp. 6609

Author(s):

Gabriel S. Aruwajoye ◽

Alaika Kassim ◽

Akshay K. Saha ◽

Evariste B. Gueguim Kana

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuel ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Agricultural Wastes ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Biohydrogen Production ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Optimal Values ◽

Large Output

The need for fossil fuel alternatives keeps increasing. Bioethanol and biohydrogen have emerged as significant renewable options. However, these bioprocess routes have presented various challenges, which constantly impede commercialization. Most of these bottlenecks are hinged on feedstock logistics, low biofuel yield and enormous process costs. Meanwhile, a large output of renewable energy can be generated from mixed starch-based agricultural wastes due to their intrinsic bioenergy characteristics. This study, therefore, focuses on the production of bioethanol and biohydrogen from mixed starch-based agricultural wastes. The content further highlights the current challenges of their individual processes and elucidates the prospects for improvement, through an integrated biofuel approach. The use of mixed starch-based agricultural wastes as substrates for integrated bioethanol and biohydrogen production was proposed. Furthermore, the use of mixture-based experimental design for the determination of optimal values of critical factors influencing biofuel production emerges as a viable prospect for profitable bioethanol production from the starch-based biomass. Additionally, biohydrogen production from effluents of the mixed starch-based waste bioethanol looked promising. Thus, the study proposed valuable insights towards achieving a cost-effective biofuel technology.

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FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM SURFACE TEMPERATURE FOR EXPLOSION-PROOF LUMINAIRES

Environmental Engineering and Management Journal ◽

10.30638/eemj.2017.139 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 1309-1316 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Lucian Moldovan ◽

Sorin Burian ◽

Mihai Magyari ◽

Marius Darie ◽

Dragos Fotau

Keyword(s):

Surface Temperature ◽

Maximum Surface ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Maximum Surface Temperature

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Determination of Factors Influencing Recession of Himalayan Glacier in Context of Supraglacial Lakes

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3659422 ◽

2015 ◽

Author(s):

Florencia Tuladhar

Keyword(s):

Supraglacial Lakes ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Himalayan Glacier

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Bestimmung der Dauerhaftigkeit von Hochleistungsbeton mit Hilfe des CDF-Tests / Determination of the durability of high performance concrete by means of CDF-test

Restoration of Buildings and Monuments ◽

10.1515/rbm-1999-5340 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 29-40

Author(s):

R. Krumbach ◽

U. Schmelter ◽

K. Seyfarth

Keyword(s):

Frost Resistance ◽

High Strength Concrete ◽

High Performance ◽

High Performance Concrete ◽

High Strength ◽

Strength Concrete ◽

Factors Influencing

Abstract Variable obsen>ations concerning frost resistance of high performance concrete have been made. The question arises which are the decisive factors influencing durability under the action of frost and de-icing salt. The proposed experiments are to be carried out in cooperation with F.A.- Finger - Institute of Bauhaus University Weimar. The aim of this study is to determine possible change of durability of high strength concrete, and to investigate the origin thereof. Measures to reduce the risk of reduced durability have to be found.

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Critical Factors Influencing the Adoption of Cloud Computing in Indian Private Sector Organizations

2021 6th International Conference on Inventive Computation Technologies (ICICT) ◽

10.1109/icict50816.2021.9358558 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

P.A. Selvaraj ◽

M. Jagadeesan ◽

Jayashree. B ◽

Keerthana. M ◽

Angunathan. K

Keyword(s):

Cloud Computing ◽

Private Sector ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Private Sector Organizations

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Box-Behnken Assisted Validation and Optimization of an RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Determination of Domperidone and Lansoprazole

Separations ◽

10.3390/separations8010005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

Mohd Afzal ◽

Mohd. Muddassir ◽

Abdullah Alarifi ◽

Mohammed Tahir Ansari

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Mobile Phase ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Hplc Method ◽

Box Behnken Design ◽

Rp Hplc ◽

System Suitability ◽

Method Optimization ◽

Key Variables

A highly specific, accurate, and simple RP-HPLC technique was developed for the real-time quantification of domperidone (DOMP) and lansoprazole (LANS) in commercial formulations. Chromatographic studies were performed using a Luna C8(2), 5 μm, 100Å, column (250 × 4.6 mm, Phenomenex) with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile/2 mM ammonium acetate (51:49 v/v), pH 6.7. The flow rate was 1 mL·min−1 with UV detection at 289 nm. Linearity was observed within the range of 4–36 µg·mL−1 for domperidone and 2–18 µg·mL−1 for lansoprazole. Method optimization was achieved using Box-Behnken design software, in which three key variables were examined, namely, the flow rate (A), the composition of the mobile phase (B), and the pH (C). The retention time (Y1 and Y3) and the peak area (Y2 and Y4) were taken as the response parameters. We observed that slight alterations in the mobile phase and the flow rate influenced the outcome, whereas the pH exerted no effect. Method validation featured various ICH parameters including linearity, limit of detection (LOD), accuracy, precision, ruggedness, robustness, stability, and system suitability. This method is potentially useful for the analysis of commercial formulations and laboratory preparations.

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New Equation for Predicting Pipe Friction Coefficients Using the Statistical Based Entropy Concepts

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e23050611 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 611

Author(s):

Yeon-Woong Choe ◽

Sang-Bo Sim ◽

Yeon-Moon Choo

Keyword(s):

Friction Coefficient ◽

Accurate Determination ◽

Mean Velocity ◽

Friction Coefficients ◽

Flow Discharge ◽

Comparison Results ◽

Flow Loss ◽

Key Variables ◽

New Equation

In general, this new equation is significant for designing and operating a pipeline to predict flow discharge. In order to predict the flow discharge, accurate determination of the flow loss due to pipe friction is very important. However, existing pipe friction coefficient equations have difficulties in obtaining key variables or those only applicable to pipes with specific conditions. Thus, this study develops a new equation for predicting pipe friction coefficients using statistically based entropy concepts, which are currently being used in various fields. The parameters in the proposed equation can be easily obtained and are easy to estimate. Existing formulas for calculating pipe friction coefficient requires the friction head loss and Reynolds number. Unlike existing formulas, the proposed equation only requires pipe specifications, entropy value and average velocity. The developed equation can predict the friction coefficient by using the well-known entropy, the mean velocity and the pipe specifications. The comparison results with the Nikuradse’s experimental data show that the R2 and RMSE values were 0.998 and 0.000366 in smooth pipe, and 0.979 to 0.994 or 0.000399 to 0.000436 in rough pipe, and the discrepancy ratio analysis results show that the accuracy of both results in smooth and rough pipes is very close to zero. The proposed equation will enable the easier estimation of flow rates.

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Evaluating Critical Factors Influencing the Reliability of Emergency Logistics Systems Using Multiple-Attribute Decision Making

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym12071115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 1115 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peng Jiang ◽

Yixin Wang ◽

Chao Liu ◽

Yi-Chung Hu ◽

Jingci Xie

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Distribution System ◽

Multiple Attribute Decision Making ◽

Supply System ◽

Critical Factors ◽

Logistics System ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Emergency Logistics ◽

Multiple Attribute ◽

Coordination System

The infectious disease COVID-19 has swept across the world in 2020, and it continues to cause massive losses of life and severe economic problems in all countries. Providing emergency supplies such as protective medical equipment and materials required to secure people’s livelihood is thus currently prioritized by governments. Establishing a reliable emergency logistics system is critical in this regard. This paper used the Delphi method to design a formal decision structure to assess emergency logistics system reliability (ELSR) by obtaining a consensus from a panel of experts. Assessing ELSR is a typical multiple-attribute decision making (MADM) problem, and the related MADM methods are usually on the basis of symmetry principles. A hybrid MADM model, called the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL)-based Analytical Network Process (D-ANP), was developed to identify the critical factors influencing ELSR. An analysis of empirical evidence showed that the emergency logistics command and coordination system and the emergency material supply system play important roles in ELSR, while the emergency logistics transportation and distribution system and the emergency information system are not so important. This conclusion is different from previous research about traditional disaster emergency logistics. Moreover, the cause–effect relationships among the key factors indicated that the system of command and coordination for emergency logistics and the supply system for emergency materials should be improved. Accordingly, effective suggestions for emergency logistics services for epidemic prevention are provided in this paper. The main contributions of this paper are (1) establishing a comprehensive and systematic evaluating index of ELSR for epidemic prevention; (2) employing a kind of structured, namely D-ANP, to identify the critical factors with non-commensurable and conflicting (competing) characteristics; and (3) comparing the differences of reliable criteria between the emergency logistics of epidemic prevention and the traditional disaster emergency logistics.

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