scholarly journals Reviewing the Potential and Constraints of Modified Technology Options for Faecal Sludge Management in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-259
Author(s):  
Amour Selelman ◽  
Tolly S.A. Mbwette ◽  
Sara Gabrielsson ◽  
Richard Kimwaga
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Hand Tools ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Safe Management ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Transfer Stations ◽  
Water Seal ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Technological Options

Cities in the developing world face the challenge of safe management of faecal sludge because of rapid population growth that overwhelms the sanitation infrastructure and services. In developing countries, only 50% of faecal sludge (FS) generated is safely managed the remaining portion is haphazardly disposed of in the environment risking public health and environment. In response to the urgent need for safely managed sanitation services, technological options for containment, desludging and transportation of FS are being modified. This paper reviewed current desludging practices and the potential of modified technological options for addressing FSM at containment, desludging, and transportation in Dar es Salaam unplanned urban settlements. The paper reviewed; water seal squat pan, Urine Diversion Dry Toilet (UDDT), split slabs, pre-installed suction hose, and the container-based sanitation (CBS) for containment stage. Others are the hand tools, sludge digger, the excrevator, rammer, and the eVac for desludging; and small pick-up truck and motorized tricycle and transfer stations for transfer and transportation of FS. Based on technical feasibility, social and environmental context of Dar es Salaam, the reviewed modified technology options have the potential of addressing FSM challenges in unplanned urban settlements in Dar es Salaam. However, institutional arrangement particularly the absence of the modified technologies in the menu of recommended technological options affects their upscaling. Paradoxically, most of the technologies have not been vigorously tried in the field to inform policy choice. Improvement of FSM with the application of modified technological options will require improvement in enabling environment for their operation and continuous modification. The major research gaps have also been identified in this review.

scholarly journals Faecal sludge in Accra, Ghana: problems of urban provision

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. D. Boot ◽  
R. E. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Service Levels ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Waste Transfer ◽  
Transfer Stations ◽  
Phase Out ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Urban on-site sanitation services present challenges for emptying, transporting, disposing and treating faecal waste. Transfer stations can be used by household-level emptiers to safely dispose of faecal sludge, but they rarely exist. Accra's use of transfer stations has provided an opportunity to research their functioning, as part of broader faecal sludge management arrangements. The paper discusses the benefits offered by use of transfer stations, as well as reasons currently limiting their operation. While costs associated with operating and emptying these stations are passed to householders, an illegal sector thrives offering lower cost emptying services, typically with disposal of faecal sludge directly into the environment. At present, bucket latrines offer sanitation services to low-income households unable to afford higher service levels, such as septic tanks. The local government aims to phase-out all bucket latrines by 2010, but affordable alternatives have not been found. Where limited access to land inhibits investment in permanent facilities, families may abandon household sanitation altogether. The paper concludes that correct use of transfer stations can provide improvements for existing faecal sludge management and reduce indiscriminate dumping. They must be made available to all workers, through effective public-private arrangements for ownership and operation.

Utility-small water enterprise partnerships: serving informal urban settlements in Africa

Water Policy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrus Njiru
Keyword(s):  
Water Utilities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Informal Urban Settlements

Sustainable development cannot be realised when a large proportion of people do not have access to improved water services. Indeed, despite concerted international effort and publicity made in the last two decades to increase coverage of improved water and sanitation services, the number of people without improved water and sanitation services continues to increase. Water utilities are not serving a large proportion of the urban population and small water enterprises (SWEs) have moved to fill the gap. This paper looks at the growing urban water problem and outlines the role played by SWEs in providing water services to those un-served or under-served by water utilities. Typical constraints faced by SWEs are outlined and the rationale for developing utility–SWE partnerships for the benefit of water consumers (customers) is provided. Potential opportunities for developing utility-SWE partnerships are discussed. The paper argues that utility-SWE partnerships can enable SWEs to provide affordable good quality water services to customers, while providing benefit to the utility and thus also assisting the utility to meet its mandate. The paper proposes win–win utility-SWEs partnerships aimed at achieving the objectives of utilities and SWEs while improving water services to customers in informal urban settlements of developing countries, with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Material Flow Analysis as a Decision Supporting Tool for Faecal Sludge Resource Recovery: Mathematical Formulation and Quantification

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Isabela T. Mkude ◽  
Tolly Mbwette ◽  
Richard J. Kimwaga ◽  
Sara Gabrielsson
Keyword(s):  
Material Flow ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Dar Es Salaam City ◽  
Faecal Sludge

In this work, a conceptual framework for faecal sludge (FS) management and resource recovery in Dar es Salaam city was developed. Material Flow Analysis (MFA) approach was used to assess and quantify the current materials and nutrients to support on decisions for nutrient recovery and minimize environmental pollution in three unplanned settlements of Manzese, Keko and Kipawa in Dar es Salaam city. Nitrogen and Phosphorus were chosen as indicators for the evaluation of the process. The results showed that about 75% of the Dar es Salaam city population relies on pit latrines and 15% connected to septic tanks, translating to a large amount of faecal sludge being contained onsite. The situational analysis study on faecal sludge management (FSM) showed that the collection, treatment and proper disposal of FS are the major challenges that pose risks to public health. Currently, 57% of faecal sludge generated in Dar es Salaam is disposed to the environment inappropriately. Onsite Sanitation Systems in all study areas are the main polluters, discharging large quantity of nutrients to the environment. About 37.7% of faecal sludge is with large amount of nutrients emptied from onsite sanitation systems discharged to the environment and through seepage to the groundwater.

scholarly journals Re-evaluating the strength of pit-latrine faecal sludge from dynamic cone penetrometer test data

Water SA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (4 October) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Shafiq ◽  
Stuart Haigh ◽  
Rochelle Holm ◽  
Alison Parker
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cone Penetrometer ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer ◽  
Standard Scale ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Existing Data

In 2017, 55% of the global population were without safely managed sanitation services. On-site sanitation solutions, such as pit latrines, provide the majority of sanitation coverage across developing countries. Appropriate technologies are required in order to safely empty these latrines without damage to people or the environment. The design of appropriate emptying technologies can be hampered by a lack of knowledge of the mechanical properties of the waste, such as its strength. This paper will develop a calibration for a dynamic cone penetrometer to give accurate measurements of faecal sludge strength against a standard scale, rendering existing data comparable. It will be shown that the maximum shear strengths of faecal sludge found in practice are substantially greater than those previously reported; some pit latrines contain faecal sludge with strength values of 5–20 kPa at the surface, and exceeding 80 kPa at depth.

scholarly journals Meeting WASH SDG6: insights from everyday practices in Dar es Salaam

2020 ◽  
pp. 095624782095728
Author(s):  
Pascale Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Everyday Practices ◽  
Poor Women ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Changing Practices ◽  
Policy And Planning ◽  
Informal Urban Settlements

While existing datasets and statistics provide a useful indication of progress towards meeting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, they are far from accurate and sufficient. There is a need for new and more disaggregated data to shed light on unequal service provision patterns, particularly for many informal urban settlements. This paper aims to address this need through a granular space and time-based examination of the diverse everyday practices in two lower-income settlements of Dar es Salaam. The findings reveal spatial and temporal variations at the inter- and intra-settlement scale while tracing differential and changing practices among poor women and men. The in-depth case study exposes important blind spots in policy and planning, provides wider lessons for achieving more equal and sustainable access to services and developing more responsive policy and planning approaches, and emphasizes the value of local data collection.

scholarly journals Informal Urban Settlements and Cholera Risk in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. e631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Penrose ◽  
Marcia Caldas de Castro ◽  
Japhet Werema ◽  
Edward T. Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Informal Urban Settlements

scholarly journals Financing of sanitation services in the slums of Kampala and Dar es Salaam

Health ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 783-791 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Bosco Isunju ◽  
Samuel Etajak ◽  
Beatrice Mwalwega ◽  
Richard Kimwaga ◽  
Peter Atekyereza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Sanitation Services

Quantification of economic and environmental benefits of faecal sludge derived compost and briquettes using a REVAMP tool: The case of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabela Thomas Mkude ◽  
Richard Kimwaga ◽  
Sara Gabrielsson
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Guidelines And Standards ◽  
Dar Es Salaam City ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Abstract In recent years, the concept of resource recovery from waste, particularly faecal sludge (FS) has gained much attention and popularity. The aim of this study is to quantify/estimate the economic and environmental benefits of nutrients and energy that could be recovered from FS. The empirical data come from three unplanned settlements of Dar es Salaam City; Keko, Kipawa and Manzese. Two different FS resource recovery scenarios were assessed, namely nutrients and energy. The resource value mapping (REVAMP) tool was used to quantify benefits of nutrients and energy/solid fuels recovered from FS. The results indicate a daily economic benefit from FS recovery, ranging between 680-950 USD for energy and up to 7,000 USD for nutrients recovered, depending on the composition. The co-composting of FS with organic waste to recover nutrients was found more profitable than FS derived briquettes. The environmental benefits, beyond the disposal of untreated FS into the local environment, include a potential saving of up to 5 hectares of forest area when substituting the use of wood charcoal with FS-derived briquettes for domestic cooking energy needs. Even here, co-composting FS is estimated to be more profitable than FS derived briquettes. The study concludes that to obtain FS derived briquettes with high calorific value, FS should be co-fuelled with other feedstock materials. Guidelines and standards for safe re-use of FS derived products should be developed, adapted and information campaigns and demonstration sites to illustrate the economic and environmental benefits of resource recovery from FS for energy and agricultural purposes should be made available to relevant stakeholders

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