scholarly journals Working backwards from streambed thermal anomalies: hydrogeologic controls on preferential brook trout spawning habitat in a coastal stream

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Briggs ◽  
Judson W. Harvey ◽  
Stephen T. Hurley ◽  
Donald O. Rosenberry ◽  
Timothy McCobb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Spawning Habitat ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
Thermal Anomalies ◽  
Groundwater Flux ◽  
Meander Bends

Abstract. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) spawn in fall, and overwintering egg development can benefit from stable, relatively warm temperatures in groundwater seepage zones. However, eggs also are sensitive to dissolved oxygen concentration, which may be reduced in discharging groundwater. We investigated a 2-km reach of the coastal Quashnet River, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, to relate preferred fish spawning habitat to geology, geomorphology, and groundwater discharge. Thermal reconnaissance methods were used to locate zones of rapid groundwater discharge, which were predominantly found along the center channel of a wider stream valley section. Pore-water chemistry and temporal vertical groundwater flux were measured at a subset of these zones during field campaigns over several seasons. Seepage zones in open valley sub-reaches generally showed suboxic conditions and higher dissolved solutes compared to the underlying glacial outwash aquifer. These discharge zones were cross-referenced with preferred brook trout redds, evaluated during 10 yr of observation, all of which were associated with discrete alcove features in steep cut banks where stream meander bends intersect the glacial valley walls. Seepage in these repeat spawning zones was generally stronger and more variable than open valley sites, with higher dissolved oxygen and reduced solute concentrations. The combined evidence indicates that regional groundwater discharge along the broader valley bottom is predominantly suboxic due to the influence of near-stream organic deposits; trout show no obvious preference for these zones when spawning. However, the meander bends that cut into sandy deposits near the valley walls generate strong, oxic seepage zones that are utilized routinely for redd construction and the overwintering of trout eggs. In similar coastal systems with extensive valley peat deposits, specific use of groundwater discharge points by brook trout may be limited to morphologies such as cut banks where groundwater flowpaths can short circuit buried organic material and remain oxygen rich.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical controls on brook trout spawning habitats in a coastal stream

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6383-6398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin A. Briggs ◽  
Judson W. Harvey ◽  
Stephen T. Hurley ◽  
Donald O. Rosenberry ◽  
Timothy McCobb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
Groundwater Flux ◽  
Peat Deposits ◽  
Fish Spawning ◽  
Meander Bends ◽  
Spawning Habitats

Abstract. Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) spawn in fall and overwintering egg development can benefit from stable, relatively warm temperatures in groundwater-seepage zones. However, eggs are also sensitive to dissolved oxygen concentration, which may be reduced in discharging groundwater (i.e., seepage). We investigated a 2 km reach of the coastal Quashnet River in Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA, to relate preferred fish spawning habitats to geology, geomorphology, and discharging groundwater geochemistry. Thermal reconnaissance methods were used to locate zones of rapid groundwater discharge, which were predominantly found along the central channel of a wider stream valley section. Pore-water chemistry and temporal vertical groundwater flux were measured at a subset of these zones during field campaigns over several seasons. Seepage zones in open-valley sub-reaches generally showed suboxic conditions and higher dissolved solutes compared to the underlying glacial outwash aquifer. These discharge zones were cross-referenced with preferred brook trout redds and evaluated during 10 years of observation, all of which were associated with discrete alcove features in steep cutbanks, where stream meander bends intersect the glacial valley walls. Seepage in these repeat spawning zones was generally stronger and more variable than in open-valley sites, with higher dissolved oxygen and reduced solute concentrations. The combined evidence indicates that regional groundwater discharge along the broader valley bottom is predominantly suboxic due to the influence of near-stream organic deposits; trout show no obvious preference for these zones when spawning. However, the meander bends that cut into sandy deposits near the valley walls generate strong oxic seepage zones that are utilized routinely for redd construction and the overwintering of trout eggs. Stable water isotopic data support the conclusion that repeat spawning zones are located directly on preferential discharges of more localized groundwater. In similar coastal systems with extensive valley peat deposits, the specific use of groundwater-discharge points by brook trout may be limited to morphologies such as cutbanks, where groundwater flow paths do not encounter substantial buried organic material and remain oxygen-rich.

scholarly journals Submarine groundwater discharge to a small estuary estimated from radon and salinity measurements and a box model

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Crusius ◽  
D. Koopmans ◽  
J. F. Bratton ◽  
M. A. Charette ◽  
K. D. Kroeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Submarine Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Narrow Channel ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Box Model ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Salt Pond ◽  
Groundwater Flux ◽  
Submarine Groundwater ◽  
Salinity Data

Abstract. Submarine groundwater discharge was quantified by a variety of methods in Salt Pond, adjacent to Nauset Marsh on Cape Cod, USA. Discharge estimates based on radon and salinity took advantage of the presence of the narrow channel connecting Salt Pond to Nauset Marsh, which allowed constructing whole-pond mass balances as water flowed in and out due to tidal fluctuations. A box model was used to estimate discharge separately to Salt Pond and to the channel by simulating the timing and magnitude of variations in the radon and salinity data in the channel. Discharge to the pond is estimated to be 2200±1100 m3d-1, while discharge to the channel is estimated to be 300±150 m3d-1, for a total discharge of 2500±1250 m3d-1 to the Salt Pond system. This translates to an average groundwater flow velocity of 3±1.5 cm d-1 Seepage meter flow estimates are broadly consistent with this figure, provided discharge is confined to shallow sediments (water depth <1 m). The radon data can be modeled assuming all groundwater fluxes to both the channel and to the pond are fresh, with no need to invoke a saline component. The absence of a saline component in the radon flux may be due to removal of radon from saline groundwater by recent advection of seawater or it may to due to the presence of impermeable sediments in the center of the pond that limit seawater recirculation. This groundwater flux estimated from the radon and salinity data is comparable to a value of 3200-4500 m3d-1 predicted by a recent hydrologic model (Masterson, 2004; Colman and Masterson, 2004). Additional work is needed to determine if the measured rate of discharge is representative of the long-term average, and to determine the rate of groundwater discharge seaward of Salt Pond. Data also suggest a TDN flux from groundwater to Salt Pond of ~2.6 mmol m-2d-1, a figure comparable to fluxes observed in other eutrophic settings.

Acidic Groundwater Discharge and in Situ Egg Survival in Redds of Lake-Spawning Brook Trout

2005 ◽  
Vol 134 (5) ◽  
pp. 1193-1201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana R. Warren ◽  
Stephen D. Sebestyen ◽  
Daniel C. Josephson ◽  
Jesse M. Lepak ◽  
Clifford E. Kraft
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Groundwater Discharge ◽  
Egg Survival ◽  
Acidic Groundwater

Multispecies and Watershed Approaches to Freshwater Fish Conservation

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Brown Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Land Protection ◽  
Trout Population ◽  
Waquoit Bay ◽  
Coastal Estuary ◽  
Air Force Base ◽  
Trout Fishery

<em>Abstract</em>.—Waquoit Bay is a coastal estuary located on the south side of Cape Cod. The primary rivers feeding the bay, the Quashnet and Childs rivers, are small, coldwater, groundwater-fed streams. Most of the watersheds of both rivers were originally set aside in the 1600s as a plantation for the Native American Mashpee Wampanoag tribe. The rivers were heavily modified in the late 1700s by the building of mill dams and later in the 1800s by cranberry agriculture. The anadromous Brook Trout <em>Salvelinus fontinalis </em>fisheries in both rivers were acclaimed in the early 1800s. Anadromous river herring <em>Alosa </em>spp. runs were created on both streams by connecting the streams to Johns Pond, a natural kettle hole pond. After anadromous Brook Trout populations declined due primarily to habitat loss, efforts were initiated in the 1950s to restore anadromy to Brook Trout in Cape Cod rivers by overstocking with hatchery Brook Trout. After this project, land protection along the river started with the purchase of abandoned cranberry bogs. Both rivers were heavily stocked with Brown Trout <em>Salmo trutta </em>in the 1970s and 1980s to create a sea-run Brown Trout fishery. In 1976, Trout Unlimited began an ongoing habitat improvement project in the Quashnet River. In the 1970s and 1980s, the rapid development of Cape Cod threatened the watershed. In 1988, the Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve was formed and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts purchased land in the watershed to preserve it as open space. As part of the purchase agreement, a potential well site was reserved, which led to studies by the U.S. Geological Survey on the hydrology of the Quashnet River and the impact of potential wells. In the early 1990s, fisheries management shifted away from the stocking of Brown Trout to focus on the native Brook Trout fishery. The Mashpee National Wildlife Refuge, a consortium of landowners centered on Waquoit Bay, was formed in 1995. In 1997, the contaminant ethylene dibromide from the former Otis Air Force Base Superfund site was found to be entering the upper Quashnet River. This led to the creation of a system of berms and groundwater extraction systems. The failure of part of the berm system led to concerns about fisheries impacts, and a restoration plan was developed. A Brook Trout passive integrated transponder tagging project was initiated on the Quashnet River in 2007, and the Brook Trout population has been annually sampled since 2000. In 2008–2010, adult wild Brook Trout from the Quashnet River were transplanted to the Childs River and a wild Brook Trout population was reestablished. Nitrogen loading from the watershed has become a major issue for the Waquoit Bay estuary, causing algae blooms and water-quality impacts. The fisheries of the Waquoit Bay tributaries have been protected and enhanced by an ongoing combination of land protection, fisheries management and research activities, and habitat improvements involving a wide variety of partners. Watershed development and potential climate change continue to threaten both the estuarine resources of Waquoit Bay and the native freshwater and diadromous fisheries of its tributaries.

Differences in sexual maturity and fall emigration between diploid and triploid brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in an Adirondack lake

1997 ◽  
Vol 54 (8) ◽  
pp. 1808-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Warrillow ◽  
D C Josephson ◽  
W D Youngs ◽  
C C Krueger
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Gonadal Development ◽  
Spawning Habitat ◽  
Diploid Males ◽  
Reproductive Risk ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Adirondack Lakes ◽  
Triploid Fish

High levels of emigration coincident with maturity and spawning have been reported from brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations in Adirondack lakes. These lakes typically had few spawning areas and required stocking to maintain populations. We compared diploid and triploid brook trout to identify differences in gonadal development and emigration. Age 1 + and 2 + diploid and triploid brook trout held in captivity were examined internally for gonadal development. More diploid trout were mature than triploid fish (p < 0.01). Of triploid brook trout that matured, all were males. Yearling diploid and triploid brook trout were also stocked into a lake that had an outlet but no spawning areas. During the fall spawning season, only mature yearling triploid males, diploid males, and diploid females were caught in an outlet trap. No triploid females were caught. A greater proportion of diploids emigrated than triploids (p < 0.01). Triploidy in females arrested emigration by preventing sexual maturation. Triploid male brook trout should not be stocked because they can pose a reproductive risk to wild brook trout downstream from lakes. Stocking triploid females could reducefall emigration and thus reduce the loss of catchable brook trout from Adirondack lakes with outlets and little spawning habitat.

Seasonal Depth Distributions of Landlocked Atlantic Salmon, Brook Trout, Landlocked Alewives, and American Smelt in a Small Lake

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1656-1661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Lackey
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Alosa Pseudoharengus ◽  
Lake Bottom ◽  
Depth Distributions

Seasonal depth distributions of landlocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), landlocked alewives (Alosa pseudoharengus), and American smelt (Osmerus mordax) were determined monthly in Echo Lake, Maine, using vertical and horizontal gillnets.Salmon were wide-ranging fish, but generally not captured in very shallow or very deep water. Brook trout were primarily an inshore species, not often captured in water deeper than 25 ft, and nearly always found close to the lake bottom. The majority of captured alewives were taken from shallow to middepths (0–30 ft) in summer and fall and in deep water during winter and spring. Smelts were widely distributed, but the majority were captured in water deeper than 30 ft every month.No clear temperature or dissolved oxygen preference could be shown for any of the four species.

Effects of Fluctuations of Lead, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen on the Growth of Brook Trout

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2493-2501 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dorfman ◽  
W. R. Whitworth
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Apparent Effect ◽  
Diel Fluctuations

Slug doses of lead administered once a day 5 days/week to brook trout exposed to simultaneous diel fluctuations of dissolved oxygen and temperatures showed that concentrations of 25 mg/liter of lead reduced growth. Concentrations of 15 mg/liter had little apparent effect and concentrations of 10 mg/liter had no deleterious effects on growth.

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