scholarly journals Revisiting chlorophyll extraction methods in biological soil crusts – methodology for determination of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a + b as compared to previous methods

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Caesar ◽  
Alexandra Tamm ◽  
Nina Ruckteschler ◽  
Bettina Weber
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Chlorophyll Extraction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Chlorophyll concentrations of biological soil crust (biocrust) samples are commonly determined to quantify the relevance of photosynthetically active organisms within these surface soil communities. Whereas chlorophyll extraction methods for freshwater algae and leaf tissues of vascular plants are well established, there is still some uncertainty regarding the optimal extraction method for biocrusts, where organism composition is highly variable and samples comprise major amounts of soil. In this study we analyzed the efficiency of two different chlorophyll extraction solvents, the effect of grinding the soil samples prior to the extraction procedure and the impact of shaking as an intermediate step during extraction. The analyses were conducted on four different types of biocrusts. Our results show, that for all biocrust types chlorophyll contents obtained with ethanol were significantly lower than those obtained with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent. Grinding of biocrust samples prior to analysis caused a highly significant decrease in chlorophyll content for green algal lichen- and cyanolichen-dominated biocrusts, and a tendency towards lower values for moss- and algae-dominated biocrusts. Shaking of the samples after each extraction step had a significant positive effect on the chlorophyll content of green algal lichen- and cyanolichen-dominated biocrusts. Based on our results we confirm a DMSO-based chlorophyll extraction method without grinding pretreatment and suggest to insert an intermediate shaking step for complete chlorophyll extraction (see supplement S6 for detailed manual). Determination of a universal chlorophyll extraction method for biocrusts is essential for the inter-comparability of studies conducted across all continents.

scholarly journals Revisiting chlorophyll extraction methods in biological soil crusts – methodology for determination of chlorophyll <i>a</i> and chlorophyll <i>a</i> + <i>b</i> as compared to previous methods

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 1415-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Caesar ◽  
Alexandra Tamm ◽  
Nina Ruckteschler ◽  
Anna Lena Leifke ◽  
Bettina Weber
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Biological Soil Crust ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Chlorophyll Extraction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Chlorophyll concentrations of biological soil crust (biocrust) samples are commonly determined to quantify the relevance of photosynthetically active organisms within these surface soil communities. Whereas chlorophyll extraction methods for freshwater algae and leaf tissues of vascular plants are well established, there is still some uncertainty regarding the optimal extraction method for biocrusts, where organism composition is highly variable and samples comprise major amounts of soil. In this study we analyzed the efficiency of two different chlorophyll extraction solvents, the effect of grinding the soil samples prior to the extraction procedure, and the impact of shaking as an intermediate step during extraction. The analyses were conducted on four different types of biocrusts. Our results show that for all biocrust types chlorophyll contents obtained with ethanol were significantly lower than those obtained using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a solvent. Grinding of biocrust samples prior to analysis caused a highly significant decrease in chlorophyll content for green algal lichen- and cyanolichen-dominated biocrusts, and a tendency towards lower values for moss- and algae-dominated biocrusts. Shaking of the samples after each extraction step had a significant positive effect on the chlorophyll content of green algal lichen- and cyanolichen-dominated biocrusts. Based on our results we confirm a DMSO-based chlorophyll extraction method without grinding pretreatment and suggest the addition of an intermediate shaking step for complete chlorophyll extraction (see Supplement S6 for detailed manual). Determination of a universal chlorophyll extraction method for biocrusts is essential for the inter-comparability of publications conducted across all continents.

scholarly journals Chlorophyll Determination in Green Pepper Using two Different Extraction Methods

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Manolopoulou ◽  
Th Varzakas ◽  
A Petsalaki
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Chlorophyll Extraction ◽  
And Storage

The aim of this paper is the comparison of the classic Arnon method with the DMSO method regarding the determination of chlorophyll content in California Wonder peppers stored for 25 days at 5, 10 and 20°C. The results suggest that the factors affecting chlorophyll degradation are temperature and storage time, as well as their interaction. There is a linear relationship between changes in chlorophyll content and storage temperature. The statistical analysis indicates that the two chlorophyll extraction methods considerably differ, as the chlorophyll contents obtained through the Arnon method were, in all cases, lower than those obtained through DMSO. It has to be stressed that the results greatly depend on both the selected solvent and the chlorophyll extraction method.

scholarly journals Comparison of Babcock and Ether Extraction Methods for Determination of Fat Content of Cream: Collaborative Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 907-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna M Lynch ◽  
David M Barbano ◽  
J Richard Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Ether Extraction ◽  
Aoac Official ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aoac Official Method

Abstract A modified Mojonnier ether extraction method for determination of the fat content of cream was developed based on the method for milk (AOAC Official Method 989.05). The cream Babcock method (AOAC Official Method 920.111 B-C) was modified to harmonize with the milk Babcock method (AOAC Official Method 989.04) and to clarify procedural details. Using the AOAC collaborative study format, 10 laboratories tested 9 pairs of blind duplicate heat-treated cream samples with a fat range of 30-45% using both methods. The statistical performance (invalid and outlier data removed) was as follows: mean % fat = 37.932, sr = 0.125, sR = 0.151, RSDr = 0.330, RSDR = 0.398, r = 0.354, and R = 0.427 for the ether extraction method. For the Babcock method, mean % fat = 38.209, sr = 0.209, SR = 0.272, RSDr = 0.548, RSDR = 0.712, r = 0.592, and R = 0.769. Average test results for fat from the Babcock method were 0.277% (absolute fat) greater than for the Mojonnier ether extraction method. The difference between methods, as a percentage of the average fat content of the samples, was 0.73%. This agrees with differences observed between the 2 methods for milk when 10 to 17 laboratories tested 7 milk samples in blind duplicate at bimonthly intervals over a 4-year period (average difference 0.029% fat, 0.78% as a percentage of average fat content). The Mojonnier ether extraction and Babcock methods for fat in cream have been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. The new Babcock method replaced the AOAC Official Method 920.111 B-C.

scholarly journals Response Surface Optimization of a Rapid Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method for Simultaneous Determination of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Manure

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lanqing Li ◽  
Mingxing Sun ◽  
Hui Zhou ◽  
Yun Zhou ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted

A rapid and cleanup-free ultrasound-assisted extraction method is proposed for the simultaneous extraction of oxytetracycline, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline in manure. The analytes were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector. The influence of several variables on the efficiency of the extraction procedure was investigated by single-factor experiments. The temperature, pH, and amount of extraction solution were selected for optimization experiment using response surface methodology. The calibration curves showed good linearity (R2>0.99) for all analytes in the range of 0.1–20 μg/mL. The four antibiotics were successfully extracted from manure with recoveries ranging from 81.89 to 92.42% and good reproducibility (RSD, <4.06%) under optimal conditions, which include 50 mL of McIlvaine buffer extraction solution (pH 7.15) mixed with 1 g of manure sample, extraction temperature of 40°C, extraction time of 10 min, and three extraction cycles. Method quantification limits of 1.75–2.32 mg/kg were obtained for the studied compounds. The proposed procedure demonstrated clear reductions in extraction time and elimination of cleanup steps. Finally, the applicability to tetracyclines antibiotics determination in real samples was evaluated through the successful determination of four target analytes in swine, cow manure, and mixture of animal manure with inorganic fertilizer.

Determination of Chlorophyll in Water by Fluorophotometry with Chlorophyll-A Extraction from Microcystis aeruginosa Instead of Chlorophyll Standard Substance

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 1269-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Sheng Cui ◽  
Yu Xin Cheng ◽  
Xiao Hui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Microcystis Aeruginosa ◽  
Fluorescence Intensity ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Freshwater Lakes ◽  
Standard Substance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chlorophyll Extraction ◽  
The Relationship

Microcystis aeruginosa is common in freshwater lakes, and developed easy. Instead of chlorophyll standard substance, fresh chlorophyll extraction from Microcystis aeruginosa applied to the determination of chlorophyll-a in water by fluorophotometry. Thus the relationship between concentration of chlorophyll-a and fluorescence intensity of Microcystis aeruginosa in water was established. The fluorescence intensity responded with the concentration of chlorophyll-a extract linearly in the range of 30~1800 ug/L with a correlative coefficient of 0.9947. Comparision was made between chlorophyll standard and the chlorophyll-a extraction of Microcystis aeruginosa, and no significant difference was found. In certain range of pH value and time, chlorophyll-a extraction from Microcystis aeruginosa is stable, and can be used to reflect the growth of algae in water quick, conveniently and accurately.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE DOMESTIC SEWAGE TREATMENT STATION ON THE GRANDE IGARAPÉ IN BOA VISTA/RR

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (30) ◽  
pp. 160-176
Author(s):  
J. L. SATELLES ◽  
H. E. BEZERRA DA SILVA ◽  
L. R. FARIAS ◽  
F. S. PANERO
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Domestic Sewage ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Assimilation Capacity ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vegetal Cover

The water body, object of this study, Grande igarapé, is located in the Municipality of Boa Vista, State of Roraima, in the northern region of Brazil. The present study aims to evaluate the environmental impact caused by the contribution of substances in the igarapé and possibly in the Branco River after receiving the ETE Boa Vista-RR effluent through the determination of physical-chemical and biological parameters (chlorophyll-a). In the accomplishment of this study six points of collections considered strategic to the attainment of the proposed objectives were selected. The parameters were analyzed: color, turbidity, conductivity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, nitrite, ammonia, total phosphorus, chloride, BOD5, COD, chlorophyll a. The igarapé suffers the human impact through the withdrawal of the vegetal cover, waterproofing of the ground by the occupation of the surroundings and launches of polluting agents. Through the results it was possible to confirm the impact of the discharge of the effluent on Great stream. Parameters such as phosphorus, ammonia, nitrite and chlorophyll-a have shown that the Grande stream does not have assimilation capacity, especially during periods of drought, of nutrients and contaminating species during the journey to its mouth in the Branco river. The analysis of the data obtained in its environmental amplitude shows the need to plan actions to reverse the environmental damage caused to the Great stream and its biodiversity.

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