scholarly journals Kontinuierliche und diskrete Differenzialformen als Ausgangspunkt für numerische Methoden in der Elektrodynamik

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kurz

Abstract. Die Grundgleichungen der Elektrodynamik werden häufig in integraler Form aufgestellt. Die Umwandlung in partielle Differenzialgleichungen geschieht dann durch Anwendung der Integralsätze von Gauss und Stokes. Beide Integralsätze besitzen eine große formale Ähnlichkeit. Formuliert man die Maxwellschen Gleichungen mit Hilfe von Differenzialformen, wird diese zunächst formale Analogie verständlich, als Konsequenz eines abstrakteren Konzeptes. Neben der damit einhergehenden übersichtlichen und eleganten Darstellung der Elektrodynamik erhält man einen gut geeigneten Ausgangspunkt für numerische Methoden. Differenzialformen besitzen natürliche Entsprechungen im Diskreten, die diskreten Differenzialformen. Das hieraus in niedrigster Ordnung resultierende Diskretisierungsschema entspricht der Allokation von Freiheitsgraden auf zueinander dualen Gittersystemen, wie sie von der FIT (= Finite Integration Technique) bekannt ist. Größere Freiheiten hat man bei der Diskretisierung der Materialbeziehungen, die auf diskrete Hodge-Operatoren führt. Je nach verwendetem Ansatz (orthogonale oder baryzentrische duale Gitter) erhält man unterschiedliche numerische Verfahren. Kontinuierliche und diskrete Differenzialformen können deshalb als allgemeiner Ausgangspunkt für numerische Methoden in der Elektrodynamik betrachtet werden. The fundamental laws of electrodynamics are often stated in integral form. The conversion to partial differential equations is conveyed by application of the integral theorems of Gauss and Stokes. Both theorems bear a strong formal resemblance. If Maxwell’s equations are reformulated in terms of differential forms this seemingly formal analogy will become obvious, as a consequence of a more abstract underlying concept. Besides the accompanying concise and elegant formulation of electrodynamics a useful starting point for numerical methods is obtained. Differential forms possess natural correspondents in the discrete setting, the so called discrete differential forms. The resulting discretization scheme of lowest order corresponds to the allocation of degerees of freedom on dual grid pairs, which is well known from the FIT (= Finite Integration Technique). There is more freedom when the constitutive equations are to be discretized, which yields discrete Hodge operators. Depending on the employed technique (orthogonal or barycentric dual grids) one ends up with different numerical schemes. Continuous and discrete differential forms can therefore be regarded as a general starting point for numerical methods in electrodynamics.

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurore Back ◽  
Eric Sonnendrücker

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 309-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Motresc ◽  
U. van Rienen

Abstract. The exposure of human body to electromagnetic fields has in the recent years become a matter of great interest for scientists working in the area of biology and biomedicine. Due to the difficulty of performing measurements, accurate models of the human body, in the form of a computer data set, are used for computations of the fields inside the body by employing numerical methods such as the method used for our calculations, namely the Finite Integration Technique (FIT). A fact that has to be taken into account when computing electromagnetic fields in the human body is that some tissue classes, i.e. cardiac and skeletal muscles, have higher electrical conductivity and permittivity along fibers rather than across them. This property leads to diagonal conductivity and permittivity tensors only when expressing them in a local coordinate system while in a global coordinate system they become full tensors. The Finite Integration Technique (FIT) in its classical form can handle diagonally anisotropic materials quite effectively but it needed an extension for handling fully anisotropic materials. New electric voltages were placed on the grid and a new averaging method of conductivity and permittivity on the grid was found. In this paper, we present results from electrostatic computations performed with the extended version of FIT for fully anisotropic materials.


2005 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 227-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. C. Motrescu ◽  
U. van Rienen

Abstract. In the recent years, the task of estimating the currents induced within the human body by environmental electromagnetic fields has received increased attention from scientists around the world. While important progress was made in this direction, the unpredictable behaviour of living biological tissue made it difficult to quantify its reaction to electromagnetic fields and has kept the problem open. A successful alternative to the very difficult one of performing measurements is that of computing the fields within a human body model using numerical methods implemented in a software code. One of the difficulties is represented by the fact that some tissue types exhibit an anisotropic character with respect to their dielectric properties. Our work consists of computing currents induced by extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields in anisotropic muscle tissues using in this respect, a human body model extended with muscle fibre orientations as well as an extended version of the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) able to compute fully anisotropic dielectric properties.


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