scholarly journals IAP-AACM v1.0： Global to regional evaluation of the atmospheric chemistry model in CAS-ESM

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Wei ◽  
Xueshun Chen ◽  
Huansheng Chen ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Zifa Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Atmospheric Physics ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽  
Fine Mode ◽  
Aerosol Effects

Abstract. In this study, a full description and comprehensive evaluation of a global-regional nested model, the Aerosol and Atmospheric Chemistry Model of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP-AACM), is presented for the first time. Not only the global budgets and distribution, but also a comparison of nested simulation over China against multi-datasets are investigated, benefiting from the access of air quality monitoring data in China since 2013 and the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia project. The model results and analysis can greatly help reduce uncertainties and understand model diversity in assessing global and regional aerosol effects, especially over East Asia and areas affected by East Asia. The 1-year simulation for 2014 shows that the IAP-AACM is within the range of other models, and well reproduces both spatial distribution and seasonal variation of trace gases and aerosols over major continents and oceans (mostly within the factor of two). The model nicely captures spatial variation for carbon monoxide except an underestimation over the ocean that also shown in other models, which suggests the need for more accurate emission rate of ocean source. For aerosols, the simulation of fine-mode particulate matter (PM2.5) matches observation well and it has a better simulating ability on primary aerosols than secondary aerosols. This calls for more investigation on aerosol chemistry. Furthermore, IAP-AACM shows the superiority of global model, compared with regional model, on performing regional transportation for the nested simulation over East Asia. For the city evaluation over China, the model reproduces variation of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and PM2.5 accurately in most cities, with correlation coefficients above 0.5. Compared to the global simulation, the nested simulation exhibits an improved ability to capture the high temporal and spatial variability over China. In particular, the correlation coefficients for PM2.5, SO2 and NO2 are raised by ~ 0.25, ~ 0.15 and ~ 0.2 respectively in the nested grid. The summary provides constructive information for the application of chemical transport models. In future, we recommend the model's ability to capture high spatial variation of PM2.5 is yet to be improved.

scholarly journals IAP-AACM v1.0: a global to regional evaluation of the atmospheric chemistry model in CAS-ESM

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 8269-8296
Author(s):  
Ying Wei ◽  
Xueshun Chen ◽  
Huansheng Chen ◽  
Jie Li ◽  
Zifa Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Full Description ◽  
Atmospheric Physics ◽  
Global Simulation ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Variability ◽  
Fine Mode ◽  
Aerosol Effects

Abstract. In this study, a full description and comprehensive evaluation of a global–regional nested model, the Aerosol and Atmospheric Chemistry Model of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP-AACM), is presented for the first time. Not only are the global budgets and distribution explored, but comparisons of the nested simulation over China against multiple datasets are investigated, which benefit from access to Chinese air quality monitoring data from 2013 to the present and the “Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia” project. The model results and analysis can help reduce uncertainties and aid with understanding model diversity with respect to assessing global and regional aerosol effects on climate and human health, especially over East Asia and areas affected by East Asia. For the global simulation, the 1-year simulation for 2014 shows that the IAP-AACM is within the range of other models. Overall, it reasonably reproduced spatial distributions and seasonal variations of trace gases and aerosols in both surface concentrations and column burdens (mostly within a factor of 2). The model captured spatial variation for carbon monoxide well with a slight underestimation over ocean, which implicates the uncertainty of the ocean source. The simulation also matched the seasonal cycle of ozone well except for the continents in the Northern Hemisphere, which was partly due to the lack of stratospheric–tropospheric exchange. For aerosols, the simulation of fine-mode particulate matter (PM2.5) matched observations well. The simulation of primary aerosols (normalized mean biases, NMBs, are within ±0.64) is better than that of secondary aerosols (NMB values are greater than 1.0 in some regions). For the nested regional simulation, the IAP-AACM shows the superiority of higher-resolution simulation using the nested domain over East Asia. The model reproduced variation of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and PM2.5 accurately in typical cities, with correlation coefficients (R) above 0.5 and NMBs within ±0.5. Compared with the global simulation, the nested simulation exhibits an improved ability to capture the high temporal and spatial variability over China. In particular, the R values for SO2, NO2 and PM2.5 are increased by ∼0.15, ∼0.2, and ∼0.25 respectively in the nested grid. Based on the evaluation and analysis, future model improvements are suggested.

scholarly journals Association between Oxygen Consumption and Surface Electromyographic Amplitude and Its Variation within Individual Calf Muscles during Walking at Various Speeds

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1748
Author(s):  
Kohei Watanabe ◽  
Shideh Narouei
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Emg Amplitude ◽  
Calf Muscles

Surface electromyography (EMG) has been used to estimate muscle work and physiological burden of the whole body during human movements. However, there are spatial variations in surface EMG responses within individual muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between oxygen consumption and surface EMG responses of lower leg muscles during walking at various speeds and to quantify its spatial variation within an individual muscle. Nine young males walked on a treadmill at four speeds: preferred minus 1 km/h, preferred, preferred plus 1 km/h, and preferred plus 2 km/h, and the metabolic response was measured based on the expired gas. High-density surface EMG of the tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), lateral gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles was performed using 64 two-dimensional electrode grids. Correlation coefficients between oxygen consumption and the surface EMG amplitude were calculated across the gait speeds for each channel in the electrode grid and for individual muscles. Mean correlation coefficients across electrodes were 0.69–0.87 for the four individual muscles, and the spatial variation of correlation between the surface EMG amplitude and oxygen consumption within an electrode grid was significantly greater in MG muscle than in TA muscle (Quartile deviations: 0.24 for MG and 0.02 for TA, p < 0.05). These results suggest that the physiological burden of the whole body during gait at various speeds can be estimated from the surface EMG amplitude of calf muscles, but we need to note its spatial distribution within the MG muscle.

Classification and Prediction of Goldfish Population and Water Quality Using a Potentiometric E-Tongue

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 1037-1044
Author(s):  
Zhenbo Wei ◽  
Yu Zhao ◽  
Jun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Back Propagation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Pattern Recognition Methods

Abstract. In this study, a potentiometric E-tongue was employed for comprehensive evaluation of water quality and goldfish population with the help of pattern recognition methods. Four water quality parameters, i.e., pH and concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrite (NO2-N), and ammonium (NH3-N), were tested by conventional analysis methods. The differences in water quality parameters between samples were revealed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The cultivation days and goldfish population were classified well by principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), and the distribution of each sample was clearer in CDA score plots than in PCA score plots. The cultivation days, goldfish population, and water parameters were predicted by a T-S fuzzy neural network (TSFNN) and back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN). BPANN performed better than TSFNN in the prediction, and all fitting correlation coefficients were &gt;0.90. The results indicated that the potentiometric E-tongue coupled with pattern recognition methods could be applied as a rapid method for the determination and evaluation of water quality and goldfish population. Keywords: Classify, E-tongue, Goldfish water, Prediction.

scholarly journals Meteorological factors and its association with hand, foot and mouth disease in Southeast and East Asia areas: a meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunxiao Duan ◽  
Xuefeng Zhang ◽  
Hui Jin ◽  
Xiaoqing Cheng ◽  
Donglei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
China National Knowledge Infrastructure ◽  
Foot And Mouth

AbstractSince the late 1990s, hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has become a common health problem that mostly affects children and infants in Southeast and East Asia. Global climate change is considered to be one of the major risk factors for HFMD. This study aimed to assess the correlation between meteorological factors and HFMD in the Asia-Pacific region. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data and Weipu Database were searched to identify relevant articles published before May 2018. Data were collected and analysed using R software. We searched 2397 articles and identified 51 eligible papers in this study. The present study included eight meteorological factors; mean temperature, mean highest temperature, mean lowest temperature, rainfall, relative humidity and hours of sunshine were positively correlated with HFMD, with correlation coefficients (CORs) of 0.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42–0.60), 0.43 (95% CI 0.23–0.59), 0.43 (95% CI 0.23–0.60), 0.27 (95% CI 0.19–0.35), 0.19 (95% CI 0.02–0.35) and 0.19 (95% CI 0.11–0.27), respectively. There were sufficient data to support a negative correlation between mean pressure and HFMD (COR = −0.51, 95% CI −0.63 to −0.36). There was no notable correlation with wind speed (COR = 0.10, 95% CI −0.03 to 0.23). Our findings suggest that meteorological factors affect the incidence of HFMD to a certain extent.

scholarly journals Evaluation of global EMEP MSC-W (rv4.34) WRF (v3.9.1.1) model surface concentrations and wet deposition of reactive N and S with measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 7021-7046
Author(s):  
Yao Ge ◽  
Mathew R. Heal ◽  
David S. Stevenson ◽  
Peter Wind ◽  
Massimo Vieno
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Monitoring Networks ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Model Measurement

Abstract. Atmospheric pollution has many profound effects on human health, ecosystems, and the climate. Of concern are high concentrations and deposition of reactive nitrogen (Nr) species, especially of reduced N (gaseous NH3, particulate NH4+). Atmospheric chemistry and transport models (ACTMs) are crucial to understanding sources and impacts of Nr chemistry and its potential mitigation. Here we undertake the first evaluation of the global version of the EMEP MSC-W ACTM driven by WRF meteorology (1∘×1∘ resolution), with a focus on surface concentrations and wet deposition of N and S species relevant to investigation of atmospheric Nr and secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA). The model–measurement comparison is conducted both spatially and temporally, covering 10 monitoring networks worldwide. Model simulations for 2010 compared use of both HTAP and ECLIPSEE (ECLIPSE annual total with EDGAR monthly profile) emissions inventories; those for 2015 used ECLIPSEE only. Simulations of primary pollutants are somewhat sensitive to the choice of inventory in places where regional differences in primary emissions between the two inventories are apparent (e.g. China) but are much less sensitive for secondary components. For example, the difference in modelled global annual mean surface NH3 concentration using the two 2010 inventories is 18 % (HTAP: 0.26 µg m−3; ECLIPSEE: 0.31 µg m−3) but is only 3.5 % for NH4+ (HTAP: 0.316 µg m−3; ECLIPSEE: 0.305 µg m−3). Comparisons of 2010 and 2015 surface concentrations between the model and measurements demonstrate that the model captures the overall spatial and seasonal variations well for the major inorganic pollutants NH3, NO2, SO2, HNO3, NH4+, NO3-, and SO42- and their wet deposition in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, and North America. The model shows better correlations with annual average measurements for networks in Southeast Asia (mean R for seven species: R7‾=0.73), Europe (R7‾=0.67), and North America (R7‾=0.63) than in East Asia (R5‾=0.35) (data for 2015), which suggests potential issues with the measurements in the latter network. Temporally, both model and measurements agree on higher NH3 concentrations in spring and summer and lower concentrations in winter. The model slightly underestimates annual total precipitation measurements (by 13 %–45 %) but agrees well with the spatial variations in precipitation in all four world regions (0.65–0.94 R range). High correlations between measured and modelled NH4+ precipitation concentrations are also observed in all regions except East Asia. For annual total wet deposition of reduced N, the greatest consistency is in North America (0.75–0.82 R range), followed by Southeast Asia (R=0.68) and Europe (R=0.61). Model–measurement bias varies between species in different networks; for example, bias for NH4+ and NO3- is largest in Europe and North America and smallest in East Asia and Southeast Asia. The greater uniformity in spatial correlations than in biases suggests that the major driver of model–measurement discrepancies (aside from differing spatial representativeness and uncertainties and biases in measurements) are shortcomings in absolute emissions rather than in modelling the atmospheric processes. The comprehensive evaluations presented in this study support the application of this model framework for global analysis of current and potential future budgets and deposition of Nr and SIA.

scholarly journals CUACE/Dust – an integrated system of observation and modeling systems for operational dust forecasting in Asia

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 10323-10342 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Gong ◽  
X. Y. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Dust Aerosol ◽  
China Meteorological Administration ◽  
Source Regions ◽  
Operational Forecasts ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Aerosol Module

Abstract. An integrated sand and dust storm (SDS) forecasting system – CUACE/Dust (the Chinese Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment for Dust) has been developed, which consists of a comprehensive dust aerosol module with emission, dry/wet depositions and other atmospheric dynamic processes, and a data assimilation system (DAS) using observational data from the CMA (China Meteorological Administration) ground dust monitoring network and retrieved dust information from a Chinese geostationary satellite – FY-2C. This is the first time that a combination of surface network observations and satellite retrievals of the dust aerosol has been successfully used in the real time operational forecasts in East Asia through a DAS. During its application for the operational SDS forecasts in East Asia for spring 2006, this system captured the major 31 SDS episodes observed by both surface and satellite observations. Analysis shows that the seasonal mean threat score (TS) for 0–24 h forecast over the East Asia in spring 2006 increased from 0.22 to 0.31 by using the DAS, a 41% enhancement. The time series of the forecasted dust concentrations for a number of representative stations for the whole spring 2006 were also evaluated against the surface PM10 monitoring data, showing a very good agreement in terms of the SDS timing and magnitudes near source regions where dust aerosols dominate. This is a summary paper for a special issue of ACP featuring the development and results of the forecasting system.

scholarly journals Multi-year comparisons of ground-based and space-borne Fourier transform spectrometers in the high Arctic between 2006 and 2013

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3273-3294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora Griffin ◽  
Kaley A. Walker ◽  
Stephanie Conway ◽  
Felicia Kolonjari ◽  
Kimberly Strong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Atmospheric Research ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Experiment Validation ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. This paper presents 8 years (2006–2013) of measurements obtained from Fourier transform spectrometers (FTSs) in the high Arctic at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL; 80.05° N, 86.42° W). These measurements were taken as part of the Canadian Arctic ACE (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment) validation campaigns that have been carried out since 2004 during the polar sunrise period (from mid-February to mid-April). Each spring, two ground-based FTSs were used to measure total and partial columns of HF, O3, and trace gases that impact O3 depletion, namely, HCl and HNO3. Additionally, some tropospheric greenhouse gases and pollutant species were measured, namely CH4, N2O, CO, and C2H6. During the same time period, the satellite-based ACE-FTS made measurements near Eureka and provided profiles of the same trace gases. Comparisons have been carried out between the measurements from the Portable Atmospheric Research Interferometric Spectrometer for the InfraRed (PARIS-IR) and the co-located high-resolution Bruker 125HR FTS, as well as with the latest version of the ACE-FTS retrievals (v3.5). The total column comparison between the two co-located ground-based FTSs, PARIS-IR and Bruker 125HR, found very good agreement for most of these species (except HF), with differences well below the estimated uncertainties ( ≤ 6  %) and with high correlations (R ≥ 0. 8). Partial columns have been used for the ground-based to space-borne comparison, with coincident measurements selected based on time, distance, and scaled potential vorticity (sPV). The comparisons of the ground-based measurements with ACE-FTS show good agreement in the partial columns for most species within 6  % (except for C2H6 and PARIS-IR HF), which is consistent with the total retrieval uncertainty of the ground-based instruments. The correlation coefficients (R) of the partial column comparisons for all eight species range from approximately 0.75 to 0.95. The comparisons show no notable increases of the mean differences over these 8 years, indicating the consistency of these datasets and suggesting that the space-borne ACE-FTS measurements have been stable over this period. In addition, changes in the amounts of these trace gases during springtime between 2006 and 2013 are presented and discussed. Increased O3 (0. 9  %  yr−1), HCl (1. 7  %  yr−1), HF (3. 8  %  yr−1), CH4 (0.5  % yr−1), and C2H6 (2. 3 % yr−1, 2009–2013) have been found with the PARIS-IR dataset, the longer of the two ground-based records.

scholarly journals Impacts of climate change and emissions on atmospheric oxidized nitrogen deposition over East Asia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junxi Zhang ◽  
Yang Gao ◽  
L. Ruby Leung ◽  
Kun Luo ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East China Sea ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
East China ◽  
Anthropogenic Emission ◽  
China Sea ◽  
Rcp 8.5 ◽  
Emission Changes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. A multi-model ensemble of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) simulations are used to study the atmospheric oxidized nitrogen (NOy) deposition over East Asia under climate and emission changes projected for the future. Both dry and wet NOy deposition shows significant decreases in the 2100s under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, primarily due to large anthropogenic emission reduction over both land and sea. However, in the near future of the 2030s, both dry and wet NOy deposition increases significantly due to continued increase in emissions. The individual effect of climate or emission changes on dry and wet NOy deposition is also investigated. The impact of climate change on dry NOy deposition is relatively minor, but the effect on wet deposition, primarily caused by changes in precipitation, is much higher. For example, over the East China Sea, wet NOy deposition increases significantly in summer due to climate change by the end of this century under RCP 8.5, which may subsequently enhance marine primary production. Over the coastal seas of China, as the transport of NOy from land becomes weaker due to the decrease of anthropogenic emissions, the effect of ship emission and lightning emission becomes more important. On average, seasonal mean total NOy deposition is projected to be enhanced by 24–48 % and 3 %–37 % over Yellow Sea and East China Sea, respectively, by the end of this century. Therefore, continued control of both anthropogenic emission over land and ship emissions may reduce NOy deposition to the Chinese coastal seas.

scholarly journals Spatial variation features description of soil available P, K, Mg and soil pH by proportional effect

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Brodský ◽  
J. Száková ◽  
M. Bazalová ◽  
V. Penížek
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Available P ◽  
Relationship Strength ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Field Fluctuations ◽  
Proportional Effect ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigates the proportional effect of selected soil properties &ndash; low spatial variation changes are related to their local magnitudes (here standard deviation vs. mean). Content of available P, K, and Mg, and soil pH were analysed on nine agricultural fields of the&nbsp;Xzech Republic. Firstly, strong direct within-field proportional effect based on Moving Window Statistics (MWS) was found for soil P and K, while Mg did not exhibit any clear proportionality. Soil pH showed indication of inverse proportional effect with high field-to-field fluctuations. The relationship strength of the effect was functionally related to the asymmetry (skewness) of distribution (r = 0.31 &times; skew 0.08). Secondly, between-field proportional effect of 9 surveyed fields, as a&nbsp;measure at different scale, showed generally parallel results with the MWS approach. Proportionality is therefore not scale dependent. However, slopes of linear relationships were different for the two scales. Finally, models for prediction of proportional variogram parameters were calculated. Correlation coefficients of relationship between semivariance parameters and mean proved that sill-nugget is more stable (r = 0.74 for P and 0.83 for K) than nugget (r = 0.30 for P and 0.53 for K).

Seedling Growth Characteristics of 24 Provenances of Larix principis-rupprechtii

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 1099-1103
Author(s):  
Guo Jun Zhang ◽  
Cheng He Wang ◽  
Min Hua Zhao ◽  
Wan Qi Wang ◽  
Jun Ming Yang
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Basal Diameter ◽  
Membership Value

Seedling growth traits of 24 provenances of Larix principis-rupprechtii were analyzed to select superior provenances. Variance and correlation on height, basal diameter, root length, root and stem fresh weight of 1-year old and 2-year old seedlings of those provenances were analyzed. Then correlation coefficients between these growth traits and membership value of height and basal diameter of 24 provenances were carried on. Results showed that variance on growth traits of 1-year old seedlings among 24 provenances were only significant for height, but for basal diameter, height, root and stem fresh weight of 2-year old seedlings. Based on correlation coefficients between growth traits, height and basal diameter were selected for comprehensive evaluation. The top 5 provenances of Larix principis-rupprechtii were Neimeng Balinzuo, Hebei Weichang 1-21, 7-46, 8-75, and Beijing, according to average of membership value of height and basal diameter.

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