scholarly journals The effect of adding hydroxyl functional groups and increasing molar mass on the viscosity of organics relevant to secondary organic aerosols

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Grayson ◽  
Mijung Song ◽  
Erin Evoy ◽  
Mary Alice Upshur ◽  
Marzieh Ebrahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Carbon Backbone ◽  
Structure Property Relationship ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. In the following we determine the viscosity of four polyols (2-methyl-1,4-butanediol, 1,2,3-butanetriol, 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-butanetetrol, and 1,2,3,4-butanetetrol) and three saccharides (glucose, raffinose and maltohexaose) mixed with water. The polyol studies were carried out to quantify the relationship between viscosity and the number of hydroxyl (OH) functional groups in organic molecules, whilst the saccharide studies were carried out to quantify the relationship between viscosity and molar mass for highly oxidised organic molecules. Each of the polyols was of viscosity less than or equal to ≤ 6.5e2 Pa s, and a linear relationship was observed between log10 (viscosity) and the number of OH functional groups (R2 ≥ 0.99) for several carbon backbones. The linear relationship suggests that viscosity increases by 1–2 orders of magnitude with the addition of an OH functional group to a carbon backbone. For saccharide-water particles, studies at 28 % RH show an increase in viscosity of 3.6–6.0 orders of magnitude as the molar mass of the saccharide is increased from 180 to 342 g mol−1, and studies at 77–80 % RH, show an increase in viscosity 4.6–6.2 orders of magnitude as molar mass increases from 180 to 991 g mol−1. These results suggest oligomerisation of highly oxidised compounds in atmospheric SOM could lead to large increases in viscosity, and may be at least partially responsible for the high viscosities that are observed in some SOM. Finally, two quantitative structure-property relationship models were used to predict the viscosity of the four polyols studied. The model of Sastri and Rao (1992) was determined to over-predict the viscosity of each of the polyols, with the over-prediction being up to 19 orders of magnitude. The viscosities predicted by the model of Marrero-Morejón and Pardillo-Fontdevila (2000) were much closer to the experimental values, with no values differing by more than 1.3 orders of magnitude.

scholarly journals The effect of hydroxyl functional groups and molar mass on the viscosity of non-crystalline organic and organic–water particles

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (13) ◽  
pp. 8509-8524 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Grayson ◽  
Erin Evoy ◽  
Mijung Song ◽  
Yangxi Chu ◽  
Adrian Maclean ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Optical Tweezers ◽  
Molar Mass ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Strong Function ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Carbon Backbone ◽  
Structure Property Relationship ◽  
Dry Conditions

Abstract. The viscosities of three polyols and three saccharides, all in the non-crystalline state, have been studied. Two of the polyols (2-methyl-1,4-butanediol and 1,2,3-butanetriol) were studied under dry conditions, the third (1,2,3,4-butanetetrol) was studied as a function of relative humidity (RH), including under dry conditions, and the saccharides (glucose, raffinose, and maltohexaose) were studied as a function of RH. The mean viscosities of the polyols under dry conditions range from 1.5  ×  10−1 to 3.7  ×  101 Pa s, with the highest viscosity being that of the tetrol. Using a combination of data determined experimentally here and literature data for alkanes, alcohols, and polyols with a C3 to C6 carbon backbone, we show (1) there is a near-linear relationship between log10 (viscosity) and the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule, (2) that on average the addition of one OH group increases the viscosity by a factor of approximately 22 to 45, (3) the sensitivity of viscosity to the addition of one OH group is not a strong function of the number of OH functional groups already present in the molecule up to three OH groups, and (4) higher sensitivities are observed when the molecule has more than three OH groups. Viscosities reported here for 1,2,3,4-butanetetrol particles are lower than previously reported measurements using aerosol optical tweezers, and additional studies are required to resolve these discrepancies. For saccharide particles at 30 % RH, viscosity increases by approximately 2–5 orders of magnitude as molar mass increases from 180 to 342 g mol−1, and at 80 % RH, viscosity increases by approximately 4–5 orders of magnitude as molar mass increases from 180 to 991 g mol−1. These results suggest oligomerization of highly oxidized compounds in atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) could lead to large increases in viscosity, and may be at least partially responsible for the high viscosities observed in some SOA. Finally, two quantitative structure–property relationship models (Sastri and Rao, 1992; Marrero-Morejón and Pardillo-Fontdevila, 2000) were used to predict the viscosity of alkanes, alcohols, and polyols with a C3–C6 carbon backbone. Both models show reasonably good agreement with measured viscosities for the alkanes, alcohols, and polyols studied here except for the case of a hexol, the viscosity of which is underpredicted by 1–3 orders of magnitude by each of the models.

Effects of the functional groups attached to aromatic organic compounds on their adsorption onto preloaded activated carbon

2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 1799-1805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Zhaoyang ◽  
Jiang Bicun ◽  
Li Aimin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Hydrophobic Effect ◽  
Aromatic Stacking ◽  
Micropore Surface Area ◽  
Adsorption Capacities ◽  
The Relationship

The adsorption of phenol, p-nitrophenol, aniline, and nitrobenzene onto a commercial granular activated carbon (GAC: F400) preloaded with tannic acid (TA), a model background contaminant, was investigated. Compared with virgin GAC, the adsorption capacities of the four selected aromatic organic compounds (AOCs) onto GACs preloaded with TA at three densities were affected significantly. Also, the relationship between the adsorption capacities of AOCs and the characteristics of GACs was further discussed and clarified in this manuscript. The differences in the functional groups attached to the AOCs did not affect the similar linear relationship between the micropore surface area and their capacities to AOCs. However, the adsorption capacities of AOCs on TA-loaded GAC were affected by the different functional groups on the four AOCs: 67.6% of the capacity of aniline for virgin F400 remained on F400c (a preloaded GAC), compared with 23.8, 25.9, and 36.5% of phenol, p-nitrophenol, and nitrobenzene, respectively. The diversity of adsorption behavior of the four AOCs with different substituents was the result of hybrid contributions, such as hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effect and aromatic stacking.

scholarly journals N-Cyanoimine as an electron-withdrawing functional group for organic semiconductors: example of dihydroindacenodithiophene positional isomers

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (48) ◽  
pp. 13197-13210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-David Peltier ◽  
Benoît Heinrich ◽  
Bertrand Donnio ◽  
Olivier Jeannin ◽  
Joëlle Rault-Berthelot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Semiconductors ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Positional Isomers ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Detailed Structure ◽  
Property Relationship ◽  
Structure Property Relationship ◽  
Relationship Study

This work focuses on a detailed structure–property relationship study, including the incorporation in n-type OFETs, of two dihydroindacenodithiophene regioisomers bearing two cyanoimine groups either in a syn- or an anti-configuration.

QSPR Study on Electric Spark Sensitivity of Nitro Arenes

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 197-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Jun Cheng Jiang ◽  
Yong Pan
Keyword(s):  
Function Approximation ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Qspr Model ◽  
Structure Property Relationship ◽  
Leave One Out ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Prediction Capability ◽  
Good Agreement

A quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model was proposed for predicting electric spark sensitivity of 39 nitro arenes. The genetic function approximation (GFA) was employed to select the descriptors that have significant contribution to electric spark sensitivity from various descriptors and for fitting the relationship existed between the selected 8 descriptors and electric spark sensitivity. The correlation coefficients (R2) together with correlation coefficient of the leave-one-out cross validation (Q2CV) of the model are 0.924 and 0.873, respectively. The model is highly statistically significant, and the robustness as well as internal prediction capability of which is satisfactory. The results show that the predicted electric spark sensitivity values are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Advances in C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization via Radical Processes

Synthesis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (24) ◽  
pp. 4531-4548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Zhang ◽  
Yue-Hua Wu ◽  
Nai-Xing Wang ◽  
Yalan Xing
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Hydrogen Atom ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Hydrogen Atom Transfer ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Bond Functionalization ◽  
Direct Functionalization ◽  
Radical Processes

C(sp3)–H Bonds are the most common structures in organic molecules. In recent years, the direct functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds has attracted wide attention and made significant progress. This review mainly focuses on C(sp3)–H bond functionalization of alkanes with or without functional groups via radical processes reported since 2017. In particular, three methods of generating free radicals are discussed: the use of a radical initiator such as TBHP or DTBP; photocatalysis, and via 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT).1 Introduction2 C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization of Alkanes3 C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization of Alkanes with a Functional Group4 Conclusions

scholarly journals A Functional Group Oxidation Model (FGOM) for SOA formation and aging

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 32565-32611 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Zhang ◽  
J. H. Seinfeld
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Carbon Backbone ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Phase Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Model

Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from a volatile organic compound (VOC) involves multiple generations of oxidation that include functionalization and fragmentation of the parent carbon backbone and, likely, particle-phase oxidation and/or accretion reactions. Despite the typical complexity of the detailed molecular mechanism of SOA formation and aging, a relatively small number of functional groups characterize the oxidized molecules that constitute SOA. Given the carbon number and set of functional groups, the volatility of the molecule can be estimated. We present here a Functional Group Oxidation Model (FGOM) that represents the process of SOA formation and aging. The FGOM contains a set of parameters that are to be determined by fitting of the model to laboratory chamber data: total organic aerosol concentration, and O:C and H:C atomic ratios. The sensitivity of the model prediction to variation of the adjustable parameters allows one to assess the relative importance of various pathways involved in SOA formation. An analysis of SOA formation from the high- and low-NOx photooxidation of four C12 alkanes (n-dodecane, 2-methylundecane, hexylcyclohexane, and cyclododecane) using the FGOM is presented, and comparison with the Statistical Oxidation Model (SOM) of Cappa et al. (2012) is discussed.

scholarly journals Revisiting Ionic Liquid Structure-Property Relationship: A Critical Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7745
Author(s):  
Wagner Silva ◽  
Marcileia Zanatta ◽  
Ana Sofia Ferreira ◽  
Marta C. Corvo ◽  
Eurico J. Cabrita
Keyword(s):  
Free Volume ◽  
Ion Pairs ◽  
Liquid Structure ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Property Relationship ◽  
Structure Property Relationship ◽  
Microscopic Features ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Derived Data

In the last few years, ionic liquids (ILs) have been the focus of extensive studies concerning the relationship between structure and properties and how this impacts their application. Despite a large number of studies, several topics remain controversial or not fully answered, such as: the existence of ion pairs, the concept of free volume and the effect of water and its implications in the modulation of ILs physicochemical properties. In this paper, we present a critical review of state-of-the-art literature regarding structure–property relationship of ILs, we re-examine analytical theories on the structure–property correlations and present new perspectives based on the existing data. The interrelation between transport properties (viscosity, diffusion, conductivity) of IL structure and free volume are analysed and discussed at a molecular level. In addition, we demonstrate how the analysis of microscopic features (particularly using NMR-derived data) can be used to explain and predict macroscopic properties, reaching new perspectives on the properties and application of ILs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document