scholarly journals Two Waqfnamas of Belgrade from the 16th and the 18th Century - Contributions to the Study of Belgrade Waqfs (Endowments)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 177-202
Author(s):  
Hamza Lavić
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
Food And Drink

This paper examines two waqfnamas (endowment legal document; deed of endowment) which date back to the 16th and the 18th century, and they refer to the waqfs (endowments) in Belgrade. Haji Osman, son of Husein, endowed the sum of 8200 akca (silver coins) by the waqfnama from 1566, and the income, which was earned from doing the business with that money, was intended for the purpose of maintaining the mosque in Zaynuddin-aga’s Mahala (mahala: a city quarter) in Belgrade and the reading of the Qur’an for the soul of the waqif (endower) on a regular basis. The second waqfnama, which established the waqf of Defterdar Ahmed Kamil-efendija, was written in 1741. This benefactor from Belgrade built, or to be more precise, restored the three mosques in Belgrade: Defterdar’s Mosque, the Tugdži Mosque and the mosque in the Požarevac qadiluk (the jurisdictional district of a qadi). For the upkeep of these mosques, but also for other charitable purposes, he endowed a hān (an inn providing accommodation, food, and drink, especially for travellers), a watermill, a vineyard, and a large number of properties such as residential buildings, shops and land.

scholarly journals Two Waqfnamas of Belgrade from the 16th and the 18th Century - Contributions to the Study of Belgrade Waqfs (Endowments)

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (41) ◽  
pp. 177-202
Author(s):  
Hamza Lavić
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Legal Document ◽  
Food And Drink

This paper examines two waqfnamas (endowment legal document; deed of endowment) which date back to the 16th and the 18th century, and they refer to the waqfs (endowments) in Belgrade. Haji Osman, son of Husein, endowed the sum of 8200 akca (silver coins) by the waqfnama from 1566, and the income, which was earned from doing the business with that money, was intended for the purpose of maintaining the mosque in Zaynuddin-aga’s Mahala (mahala: a city quarter) in Belgrade and the reading of the Qur’an for the soul of the waqif (endower) on a regular basis. The second waqfnama, which established the waqf of Defterdar Ahmed Kamil-efendija, was written in 1741. This benefactor from Belgrade built, or to be more precise, restored the three mosques in Belgrade: Defterdar’s Mosque, the Tugdži Mosque and the mosque in the Požarevac qadiluk (the jurisdictional district of a qadi). For the upkeep of these mosques, but also for other charitable purposes, he endowed a hān (an inn providing accommodation, food, and drink, especially for travellers), a watermill, a vineyard, and a large number of properties such as residential buildings, shops and land.

scholarly journals The Jewish population of Sofia in the 18th century according to the documents of the kadi’s court

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Anna A. Leontyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Jewish Community ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Jewish Population ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Urban Society ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Initial Stage

The Jewish were one of the most numerous ethnic groups among the urban population of the Ottoman Empire’s Balkan provinces, and the Jewish community in Bulgaria is one of the oldest in Europe. In the Ottoman state, the co-existence of different religious representatives as determined by the millet system, which was adopted by the Ottoman Turks from other Muslim states and developed at the initial stage of the Empire's existence. It assumed a certain autonomy for religious communities. The Jewish community had its own religious court, beit-din, with the help of which civil cases were resolved. The Jewish Religious Court forbade representatives of the Jewish community from appealing to the Sharia courts on issues within its competence. However, if the parties to a legal dispute were a zimmi (i.e. non-Muslims) and a Muslim, then the dispute should have been unconditionally considered in a Sharia court with the application of the norms of Islamic law. An analysis of the kadi court’s documents related to the cases of representatives of other confessions makes it possible to draw some conclusions about their occupations and the degree of integration into the urban society of Sofia. So, we can refute the thesis about the semi-autonomous existence of Jewish quarters in Balkan cities – we can talk about the erosion of the ethnic isolation of the places of residence of Jews in Sofia, and their active settlement, first of all, traditionally Christian quarters. An analysis of the source allows us to conclude that Jews actively interacted with representatives of other religions, participating in transactions for the sale of property with Muslims, while often it was not so much about the sale of residential buildings but about investing capital. A large number of shop sales deals testifies to the fact that members of the Jewish community had an active business life.

Embedding Food and Drink Cultures, The case of Burgundy

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Chapuis ◽  
Benoît Lecat
Keyword(s):  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Late 18Th Century ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Stone Walls

Certain countries and regions are known to have strong and embedded food and drink cultures. Such cultures shape reputation, stimulate pride, define collective identity and drive local and national economies. They can also generate tourism, drawing large numbers of visitors to sample renowned produce. Historical analysis reveals the emergence of Burgundy as a world-renowned centre of wine production and gastronomy, based not only on the quality of its produce, but also on instrumental business tactics employed by key individuals. The analysis starts with the rising interest in food and wine in the late 18th century. An exploration of the automobile industry and the wine roads, and also of events such as la foire gastronomique de Dijon, will reveal the development of gastronomic tradition, as well as contemporary trends. Burgundians are proud of their region. They like to praise the beauty of the landscape that they have contributed to shaping: vine stocks which are impeccably aligned along straight rows, stone walls separating the plots and stone huts at the edge of the plots.

Exterior Door Design of Residental Buildings in Kurzeme and Zemagale in Classicism Era

2012 ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Silvija Ozola
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Spatial Structure ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Structural Design ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Main Entrance

Residential buildings from different eras constitute a large part of the urban architectural heritagein Kurzeme and Zemgale. The architecture of residential buildings at the end of 18th century and the beginning of 19th century was in fluenced by the classicism style. Buildings with a relatively simple structural design had a clear spatial structure. Special attention was paid to the overall image and the design of the central part of the facade and the main entrance. Entrance doors made by local craftsmen were a special accent of the facade of residential buildings. They characterized its residents and in dicated that the house belongs to a particular era. The goal of this work is to collect and systematize materials related to exterior doors of residential buildings, analyze the structure and proportions of door hinges and, as well as determine regional differences in their decorations. The basic methods to reach the goals are: inspection of exterior doors of residential buildings and their comparative analysis.

scholarly journals Tropicality of Colonial Heritage Buildings in a Deltaic Landscape: British Colonial Architecture in Khulna

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhaiminul Islam ◽  
Hasan Muntasir
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Bengal Delta ◽  
Architectural Features ◽  
British Colonial

During the 17th-18th century colonial period on the Indian subcontinent, British colonial architecture flourished – including in the Bengal Delta. Although colonial architecture was inherently different from the traditional architecture of this tropical region, the monsoon climate and deltaic landscape forced colonial style buildings to incorporate a number of tropical architectural features to ensure climatic comfort. In the contemporary period, due to pressure from population density, many colonial buildings have been demolished and replaced with multi-story buildings. However, the tropical forces of this deltaic region need to be evaluated in order to re-create climate responsive architecture. This study aims to identify tropical architectural features inherent within colonial buildings of Khulna, Bangladesh, a city which formed a junction in the deltaic region during the colonial period. Four colonial buildings have been selected as case studies: two residential buildings, one mixed-use building, and a school. Tropical features were analysed from photographic data, and reproductions of plans and sections of the selected buildings, in order to reveal the significant tropical architectural features of these colonial period buildings. The case studies reveal structural and design elements that aided ventilation and air flow, and controlled solar radiation, humidity and driving rain. The findings aim to encourage practicing architects to rethink climate responsiveness in contemporary buildings in Bangladesh, by revealing how, a century ago, colonial buildings were influenced by the tropical deltaic climate, which impacted foreign architectural ideology and practice.

scholarly journals Lost parks of Saint Petersburg: role of Italian garden in development of Foundry part

2017 ◽  
pp. 151-154
Author(s):  
J. I. Arutyunyan ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Small Area ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Original Construction ◽  
Vast Area

Italian garden occupied a vast area between Fontanka river and Ligovsky prospect. Vanished from the map of Saint Petersburg, it formed the layout of this zone. Public and residential buildings constructed in the 19th–21st centuries, form the structure of this space, a small area of garden retained the general regularities of structure of park of the 18th century. A reference to the original construction and the name of the territory became the modern quarter.

Australias Culinary Coming Out

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Coming Out ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
European Contact ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
European Settlement ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Previous Decade ◽  
Food And Drink ◽  
The Military

Once perceived as a colonial backwater shaped by convicts, bushmen, laconic working class, and ANZACs, Australia has now asserted itself as a nation with strong and admired cultural attributes; home to world-class cities, globally recognised personalities, citizens of growing sophistication and a range of admired cultural institutions. One intriguing observation is that this accumulation of cultural capital has been mobilised by Australia’s emerging reputation in the realms of food and drink. Is Australia’s cultural ‘coming out’ indebted to its contemporary food and beverage professionals? Australia’s European heritage, and consequent worldwide exposure, began in the late 18th century. Before European contact, Australia’s knowledge of the world beyond its seaboards was limited to visits by the Macassan Indonesians fishing for trepang, or sea cucumber. In 1788, under pressure to alleviate pressure on their groaning penal system, exacerbated by the loss of the American colonies in the previous decade, the British sent Arthur Phillip to Sydney Cove to establish the first permanent European settlement in Terra Australis. Within a few decades, penal colonies were founded in all the other current Australian states – in or near their capitals; Hobart, Melbourne, Adelaide, Brisbane and Perth. The military, free settlers and emancipated convicts brought with them their largely Anglo-Celtic heritage, habitus and culture – architecture, agricultural and later industrial economies, political, religious and social institutions, clothing, social mores and rituals, and of course food and drink. Many of these, arguably, were ill suited to the remote, sparse and harsh antipodean environment. Yet little changed and the tyranny of distance ensured that what change there was would be tediously slow.

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