scholarly journals History of Mirabilis expansa (Ruiz and Pav.) Standl.; Growth and Use in the Andes

2016 ◽  
pp. 236-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Kritzer Van Zant
Keyword(s):  
The Andes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mirabilis Expansa

scholarly journals Genomic phylogeography of the White-crowned Manakin Pseudopipra pipra (Aves: Pipridae) illuminates a continental-scale radiation out of the Andes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Berv ◽  
Leonardo Campagna ◽  
Teresa J. Feo ◽  
Ivandy Castro-Astor ◽  
Camila C. Ribas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Passerine Bird ◽  
Biological Species ◽  
Genetic Connectivity ◽  
Population Isolation ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Areas Of Endemism ◽  
History Of

AbstractThe complex landscape history of the Neotropics has generated opportunities for population isolation and subsequent diversification that place this region among the most species-rich in the world. Detailed phylogeographic studies are required to uncover the biogeographic histories of Neotropical taxa, to identify evolutionary correlates of diversity, and to reveal patterns of genetic connectivity, disjunction, and potential differentiation among lineages from different areas of endemism. The White-crowned Manakin (Pseudopipra pipra) is a small suboscine passerine bird that is broadly distributed through the subtropical rainforests of Central America, the lower montane cloud forests of the Andes from Colombia to central Peru, the lowlands of Amazonia and the Guianas, and the Atlantic forest of southeast Brazil. Pseudopipra is currently recognized as a single, polytypic biological species. We studied the effect of the Neotropical landscape on genetic and phenotypic differentiation within this species using genomic data derived from double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD), and mitochondrial DNA. Most of the genetic breakpoints we identify among populations coincide with physical barriers to gene flow previously associated with avian areas of endemism. The phylogenetic relationships among these populations imply a novel pattern of Andean origination for this group, with subsequent diversification into the Amazonian lowlands. Our analysis of genomic admixture and gene flow establishes a complex history of introgression between some western Amazonian populations. These reticulate processes confound our application of standard concatenated and coalescent phylogenetic methods and raise the question of whether a lineage in the western Napo area of endemism should be considered a hybrid species. Lastly, analysis of variation in vocal and plumage phenotypes in the context of our phylogeny supports the hypothesis that Pseudopipra is a species-complex composed of at least 8, and perhaps up to 17 distinct species which have arisen in the last ∼2.5 Ma.

scholarly journals Phylogeography of two Andean frogs: Test of vicariance versus elevational gradient models of diversification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Koscinski ◽  
Paul Handford ◽  
Pablo L. Tubaro ◽  
Peiwen Li ◽  
Stephen C. Lougheed
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Data ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
Northwestern Argentina ◽  
Dna Sequence Data ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Range

ABSTRACTThe tropical and subtropical Andes have among the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. Understanding the forces that underlie speciation and diversification in the Andes is a major focus of research. Here we tested two hypotheses of species origins in the Andes: 1. Vicariance mediated by orogenesis or shifting habitat distribution. 2. Parapatric diversification along elevational environmental gradients. We also sought insights on the factors that impacted the phylogeography of co-distributed taxa, and the influences of divergent species ecology on population genetic structure. We used phylogeographic and coalescent analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data to compare genetic diversity and evolutionary history of two frog species: Pleurodema borellii (Family: Leiuperidae, 130 individuals; 20 sites), and Hypsiboas riojanus (Family: Hyllidae, 258 individuals; 23 sites) across their shared range in northwestern Argentina. The two showed concordant phylogeographic structuring, and our analyses support the vicariance model over the elevational gradient model. However, Pleurodema borellii exhibited markedly deeper temporal divergence (≥4 Ma) than H. riojanus (1-2 Ma). The three main mtDNA lineages of P. borellii were nearly allopatric and diverged between 4-10 Ma. At similar spatial scales, differentiation was less in the putatively more habitat-specialized H. riojanus than in the more generalist P. borellii. Similar allopatric distributions of major lineages for both species implies common causes of historical range fragmentation and vicariance. However, different divergence times among clades presumably reflect different demographic histories, permeability of different historical barriers at different times, and/or difference in life history attributes and sensitivities to historical environmental change. Our research enriches our understanding of the phylogeography of the Andes in northwestern Argentina.

scholarly journals Cheese in Chijnaya: Communal Entrepreneurship in Rural Peru

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-210
Author(s):  
Ralph Bolton ◽  
Jhuver Aguirre-Torres ◽  
Ken C. Erickson
Keyword(s):  
Social Entrepreneurship ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Community Based ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Urban Markets ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cheese Production

Individual entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship may be more common both in daily life and in the research literature, but community- based entrepreneurship also plays an important role in economic development. We present a case study of community entrepreneurship in a rural area of the Andes, where the community of Chijnaya operates a successful cheese production business. Buying milk from its farmer members in the community, the business produces cheeses that are sold in regional urban markets and beyond. This account draws on decades of ethnographic research and collaboration with the community. Here, we discuss the history of the community in general and of the cheese enterprise in particular. The organizational structure of the business is outlined along with a description of the production processes. We end with an analysis of problems faced by the community in moving the enterprise forward toward a more profitable future and a discussion of the relevance of this case to entrepreneurship studies.

scholarly journals Southward expanding plate coupling due to variation in sediment subduction as a cause of Andean growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiashun Hu ◽  
Lijun Liu ◽  
Michael Gurnis
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Transport ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mountain Building ◽  
Crustal Shortening ◽  
First Order ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Tectonic Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plate Coupling ◽  
Trench Sediments

AbstractGrowth of the Andes has been attributed to Cenozoic subduction. Although climatic and tectonic processes have been proposed to be first-order mechanisms, their interaction and respective contributions remain largely unclear. Here, we apply three-dimensional, fully-dynamic subduction models to investigate the effect of trench-axial sediment transport and subduction on Andean growth, a mechanism that involves both climatic and tectonic processes. We find that the thickness of trench-fill sediments, a proxy of plate coupling (with less sediments causing stronger coupling), exerts an important influence on the pattern of crustal shortening along the Andes. The southward migrating Juan Fernandez Ridge acts as a barrier to the northward flowing trench sediments, thus expanding the zone of plate coupling southward through time. Consequently, the predicted history of Andean shortening is consistent with observations. Southward expanding crustal shortening matches the kinematic history of inferred compression. These results demonstrate the importance of climate-tectonic interaction on mountain building.

Indicators of Possible Driving Forces for the Spread of Quechua and Aymara Reflected in the Archaeology of Cuzco

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
GORDON F. McEWAN
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Inca Empire ◽  
Culture History ◽  
History Of

Linguistic studies have shown that the traditional idea that the expansion of the Inca Empire was the driving force behind the spread of all Quechua cannot be correct. Across much of its distribution, Quechua has far greater time-depth than can be accounted for by the short-lived Inca Empire. Linguistics likewise suggests that Aymara spread not from the south into Cuzco in the late Pre-Inca period, but also from an origin to the north. Alternative explanations must be sought for the expansion of these language families in the culture history of the Andes. Archaeological studies over the past two decades now provide a broad, generally agreed-upon outline of the cultural history of the Cuzco region. This chapter applies those findings to examine alternative possibilities for the driving forces that spread Quechua and Aymara, offering a clearer cross-disciplinary view of Andean prehistory.

scholarly journals A new species of the catfish genus Cordylancistrus (Siluriformes, Loricariidae) from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4329 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
FRANCISCO PROVENZANO R. ◽  
NADIA MILANI ◽  
CARLOS ARDILA R.
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Geological History ◽  
The Andes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magdalena River ◽  
A New Species

As a part of an assessment of loricariid catfishes inhabiting the Andes of Colombia, specimens belonging to an interesting new species were identified. The new species is described herein, and it is tentatively included in the genus Cordylancistrus. The new species can be easily distinguished among its congeners by the presence of a unique diagnostic character: a fleshy keel or excrescence, black or dark brown, over the posterior tip of supraoccipital. Specimens of the new species were captured in rivers of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Sierra de Perijá that drain to the Magdalena River Basin and Caribbean Sea. The occurrence of one species of Cordylancistrus in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta could have interesting biogeographic implications for hypotheses related to the geological history of northwestern corner of South America or to the dispersal or vicariance models used to explain biogeographical patterns of related species in Colombia. 

scholarly journals Neogene precipitation, vegetation, and elevation history of the Central Andean Plateau

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (35) ◽  
pp. eaaz4724 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Martínez ◽  
C. Jaramillo ◽  
A. Correa-Metrío ◽  
W. Crepet ◽  
J. E. Moreno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Plant Fossil ◽  
History Of ◽  
Andean Uplift ◽  
Climate Model Simulations ◽  
Fossil Data

Andean uplift played a fundamental role in shaping South American climate and species distribution, but the relationship between the rise of the Andes, plant composition, and local climatic evolution is poorly known. We investigated the fossil record (pollen, leaves, and wood) from the Neogene of the Central Andean Plateau and documented the earliest evidence of a puna-like ecosystem in the Pliocene and a montane ecosystem without modern analogs in the Miocene. In contrast to regional climate model simulations, our climate inferences based on fossil data suggest wetter than modern precipitation conditions during the Pliocene, when the area was near modern elevations, and even wetter conditions during the Miocene, when the cordillera was around ~1700 meters above sea level. Our empirical data highlight the importance of the plant fossil record in studying past, present, and future climates and underscore the dynamic nature of high elevation ecosystems.

The Alchemy of Modernity. Alonso Barba's Copper Cauldrons and the Independence of Bolivian Metallurgy (1790–1890)

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
TRISTAN PLATT
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Linear Mode ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Elective Affinities ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Republican ◽  
European Method ◽  
The 19Th Century

Those natures which, when they meet, quickly lay hold on and mutually affect one another we call affined. This affinity is sufficiently striking in the case of alkalis and acids which, although they are mutually antithetical … most decidedly seek and embrace one another, modify one another, and together form a new substance … It is in just this way that truly meaningful friendships can arise among human beings: for antithetical qualities make possible a closer and more intimate union.Goethe, Elective affinities (1809)A linear mode of historical understanding relegated alchemy to a ‘pre-scientific’ era, with the enlightenment's New Chemistry creating a break between ‘empirical’ and ‘scientific’ metallurgies. Similarly, Bolivia's early Republican silver-production has been regarded as ‘stagnant’ and ‘colonial’ from the ‘modern’ perspective of late nineteenth century liberalism. This article questions both periodisations by documenting an ‘alchemical renaissance’ in Bolivian silver-refining methods during the first part of the 19th century. The relaunch of Alonso Barba's ‘hot method’ of amalgamation in copper cauldrons (1609), and its associated technical discourses, expressed a creole desire for an independent ‘modernity’. This rediscovery of a seventeenth century technology, carried out shortly before the Independence War in the Potosí provinces (Chichas), and slightly later in Oruro and Carangas, is distinguished from the version reinvented in Central Europe by Ignaz von Born (1786), as well as from two pre-Bornian experiments in Potosí and New Spain. Its nineteenth century consolidation was, in part, a little-known reaction to Nordenflicht's failure to introduce the new European method of rotating barrels to the Andes during the 1790s. The article shows that this ‘alchemy of modernity’ held its ground for several decades, suggesting a fresh approach to America's postcolonial ambiguities from the perspective of a comparative history of technology.

Pastoral Visitations: Spaces of Negotiation in Andean Indigenous Parishes

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Standard Means ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Common Thread ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pastoral Visitation ◽  
The Church

In the Andes, the pastoral visitation of Indian parishes usually evokes the idea of a strongly oppositional relationship between the Church and local society. This vision, lacking in nuance, has been widely disseminated both within the academy and outside it. Although it derives from a serious academic interest in discovering and analyzing the common thread of the Church's evangelization policy in Peru, this stance, centered on the problem of the “extirpation of idolatry,” has been progressively emptied of content and today tends to serve as the standard means of filling gaps in the understanding of the history of Andean peoples during the colonial period.

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