Situating Copper Crescents

Craig N. Cipolla

doi:10.51270/45.1.77

Situating Copper Crescents

Canadian Journal of Archaeology ◽

10.51270/45.1.77 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 77-92

Author(s):

Craig N. Cipolla

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Copper Complex ◽

Complex I ◽

Native Copper ◽

Royal Ontario Museum ◽

Archaeological Collections ◽

Typological Thinking ◽

Old Copper Complex

This report considers copper crescent-shaped objects from Ontario, contextualizing them within broader archaeological discussions of the Old Copper Complex. I focus on a small assemblage of antiquarian-collected crescents from the Royal Ontario Museum. A literature review comprises the bulk of this report; crescents recovered from sites located in the center of the Old Copper Complex, in current-day Wisconsin and Michigan, help to situate examples in the antiquarian collection. I discuss crescents in terms of their chronological and geographic breadth, their formal variation, and the different depositional contexts in which they are found. Three examples from the antiquarian collection represent novel forms of copper crescent that are not represented in the accepted typology. Two of these, collected approximately 1,600 km apart from one another, closely resemble stone and copper ulu knives, each with a unique copper handle that once bore a haft. By situating this particular collection within broader discussions of native copper, this report demonstrates the continued importance of thinking through poorly-contextualized archaeological collections while remembering the limitations of rigid, typological thinking.

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ON THE TIMING OF THE OLD COPPER COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA: A COMPARISON OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM DIFFERENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/rdc.2021.7 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-19

Author(s):

David P Pompeani ◽

Byron A Steinman ◽

Mark B Abbott ◽

Katherine M Pompeani ◽

William Reardon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Lake Sediment ◽

Copper Complex ◽

Lake Superior ◽

Copper Mining ◽

Radiocarbon Dates ◽

Copper Mines ◽

Tool Technology ◽

High Lead ◽

Old Copper Complex

ABSTRACT The Old Copper Complex (OCC) refers to the production of heavy copper-tool technology by Archaic Native American societies in the Lake Superior region. To better define the timing of the OCC, we evaluated 53 (eight new and 45 published) radiocarbon (14C) dates associated with copper artifacts and mines. We compared these dates to six lake sediment-based chronologies of copper mining and annealing in the Michigan Copper District. 14C dates grouped by archaeological context show that cremation remains, and wood and cordage embedded in copper artifacts have ages that overlap with the timing of high lead (Pb) concentrations in lake sediment. In contrast, dates in stratigraphic association and from mines are younger than those from embedded and cremation materials, suggesting that the former groups reflect the timing of processes that occurred post-abandonment. The comparatively young dates obtained from copper mines therefore likely reflect abandonment and infill of the mines rather than active use. Excluding three anomalously young samples, the ages of embedded organic material associated with 15 OCC copper artifacts range from 8500 to 3580 cal BP, confirming that the OCC is among the oldest known metalworking societies in the world.

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Synthetic studies of amino acids by the use of the copper complex. I. Syntheses of .beta.-hydroxy DL-amino acids by the use of the complex of copper(II) with the Schiff base derived from glycine and pyruvic acid

Journal of the American Chemical Society ◽

10.1021/ja00721a036 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 92 (18) ◽

pp. 5514-5516 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Tetsuya. Ichikawa ◽

Sadao. Maeda ◽

Younosuke. Araki ◽

Yoshiharu. Ishido

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Schiff Base ◽

Copper Complex ◽

Pyruvic Acid ◽

Complex I ◽

Synthetic Studies

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The Old Copper Complex: An Archaic Manifestation in Wisconsin

American Antiquity ◽

10.2307/277196 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 244-254 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Warren L. Wittry ◽

Robert E. Ritzenthaler

Keyword(s):

Copper Complex ◽

Archaic Period ◽

Radiocarbon Dates ◽

Time Period ◽

Copper Site ◽

Cultural Traits ◽

Definition Of ◽

Old Copper Complex

It seems appropriate, particularly in the light of the recent radiocarbon dates for an Old Copper site, that the accumulated information about the Old Copper complex be summarized for the use of those interested in the prehistory of the Northeast. While some of the data presented here have been previously published in greater descriptive detail, they are briefly reviewed because they represent the factual basis for the definition of the complex as a local cultural variant in the Archaic period. The radiocarbon dates and certain new data add materially to the basis for the interpretation of the remains of these early inhabitants of Wisconsin. We use the term “Archaic” to refer to a time period rather than a cultural assemblage, although we shall discuss the cultural traits that appear to fit into this time period in the locale under discussion.

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An Experimental Analysis of Great Lakes Archaic Copper Smithing

North American Archaeologist ◽

10.2190/2jle-ym32-ab1v-0dhy ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 371-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Michael LaRonge

Keyword(s):

Great Lakes ◽

Copper Complex ◽

Working Environment ◽

Great Lakes Region ◽

Metal Working ◽

Late Archaic ◽

Material Loss ◽

Native Copper ◽

Before And After ◽

Middle Archaic

The Copper Complex of the Great Lakes region produced a number of innovative technical approaches to the utilization of native copper. Copper as a resource for functional tooling achieved popularity around 3000 B.C., during the Middle Archaic Stage. The focus of copper working seems to have gradually shifted from functional tools to ornamental objects by the Late Archaic Stage c. 1200 B.C. This article is based on the author's undergraduate senior thesis. It was designed to approximate the working environment and tool array available to Native smiths and documented the visual and audial cues that allowed them to successfully work copper into tool and ornamental forms. For the experiment native float copper pieces were heated in a hardwood fire, and worked with a stone hammer and anvil. The weight of each piece was taken before and after forging in order to garner some estimate of material loss during forging. Additionally, the research provided a lexicon of terms more appropriate to the discussion of metal-working and its processes.

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Effect of Computerized Auditory Training on Speech Perception of Adults With Hearing Impairment

Perspectives on Aural Rehabilitation and Its Instrumentation ◽

10.1044/arri20.3.91 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 91-106 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Rachel Pizarek ◽

Valeriy Shafiro ◽

Patricia McCarthy

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Speech Perception ◽

Literature Review ◽

Low Cost ◽

Experimental Designs ◽

Auditory Training ◽

Hearing Impairments ◽

Communicative Disorders ◽

And Training

Computerized auditory training (CAT) is a convenient, low-cost approach to improving communication of individuals with hearing loss or other communicative disorders. A number of CAT programs are being marketed to patients and audiologists. The present literature review is an examination of evidence for the effectiveness of CAT in improving speech perception in adults with hearing impairments. Six current CAT programs, used in 9 published studies, were reviewed. In all 9 studies, some benefit of CAT for speech perception was demonstrated. Although these results are encouraging, the overall quality of available evidence remains low, and many programs currently on the market have not yet been evaluated. Thus, caution is needed when selecting CAT programs for specific patients. It is hoped that future researchers will (a) examine a greater number of CAT programs using more rigorous experimental designs, (b) determine which program features and training regimens are most effective, and (c) indicate which patients may benefit from CAT the most.

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Taking Care of Children After Traumatic Brain Injury

Perspectives on School-Based Issues ◽

10.1044/sbi13.3.79 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 79-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julie Haarbauer-Krupa

Keyword(s):

Traumatic Brain Injury ◽

Brain Injury ◽

Literature Review ◽

School Setting ◽

Leadership Role ◽

Speech Language Pathologists ◽

Educational Information ◽

Taking Care

AbstractPurpose: The purpose of this article is to inform speech-language pathologists in the schools about issues related to the care of children with traumatic brain injury.Method: Literature review of characteristics, outcomes and issues related to the needs serving children.Results: Due to acquired changes in cognition, children with traumatic brain injury have unique needs in a school setting.Conclusions: Speech-Language Pathologists in the school can take a leadership role with taking care of children after a traumatic brain injury and coordination of medical and educational information.

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