scholarly journals The Nubian Frontier as a Refuge Area Warrior Society between c. 1200 and c. 1800 CE: A Comparison between Nubia and the Ottoman Balkans

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henriette Hafsaas
Keyword(s):  
Refuge Area ◽  
Ottoman Balkans

scholarly journals Orthodox Christian Bulgarians Coping with Natural Disasters in the Pre-Modern Ottoman Balkans

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Raymond Detrez
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
World View ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
Orthodox Christian ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Ottoman Balkans

Premodern Ottoman society consisted of four major religious communities—Muslims, Orthodox Christians, Armenian Christians, and Jews; the Muslim and Christian communities also included various ethnic groups, as did Muslim Arabs and Turks, Orthodox Christian Bulgarians, Greeks, and Serbs who identified, in the first place, with their religious community and considered ethnic identity of secondary importance. Having lived together, albeit segregated within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, for centuries, Bulgarians and Turks to a large extent shared the same world view and moral value system and tended to react in a like manner to various events. The Bulgarian attitudes to natural disasters, on which this contribution focuses, apparently did not differ essentially from that of their Turkish neighbors. Both proceeded from the basic idea of God’s providence lying behind these disasters. In spite of the (overwhelmingly Western) perception of Muslims being passive and fatalistic, the problem whether it was permitted to attempt to escape “God’s wrath” was coped with in a similar way as well. However, in addition to a comparable religious mental make-up, social circumstances and administrative measures determining equally the life conditions of both religious communities seem to provide a more plausible explanation for these similarities than cross-cultural influences.

scholarly journals Orthodox culture and collective identity in the ottoman balkans during the eighteenth century

1997 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Paschalis M. Kitromilides
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Collective Identity ◽  
Ottoman Balkans

<p>Τό ζήτημα τής συλλογικής ταυτότητας στήν ’Οθωμανική Βαλκανική καί ή<br />συμβολή τής ’Ορθόδοξης εκκλησιαστικής παράδοσης στή διάπλαση τού<br />αύτοπροσδιορισμοΰ τών πληθυσμών τής περιοχής κατά τον δέκατο όγδοο<br />αιώνα εξετάζονται σέ πολλαπλά επίπεδα. ’Αρχικά σκιαγραφειται ή εικόνα<br />όπως αναδύεται από τις πηγές, μέ άφετηρία απόπειρες νά άναπαραστηθεΐ<br />γραφικά ή εθνολογία τής περιοχής σέ γλωσσικούς χάρτες τής Εύρώπης. Πε-<br />ριγράφεται εν συνεχεία τό φαινόμενο τών επάλληλων διασπορών ώς συνεκτικός<br />παράγοντας πού ενοποιούσε τή Βαλκανική κοινωνία πριν τή διάσπασή<br />της από τά εθνικά κράτη. Εξετάζεται επίσης ό ρόλος τής ’Ορθόδοξης<br />Εκκλησίας, τού συστήματος τής άνώτερης παιδείας καί τού εμπορίου<br />ώς οί δυναμικοί συντελεστές πού διαμόρφωναν τήν ενιαία κοινότητα τών<br />λαών τής περιοχής καί σημειώνεται ή ρευστότητα καί συνεχής μεταλλαγή<br />τών γλωσσικών ταυτοτήτων, Έπισημαίνεται ότι άποτέλεσμα τής έπενέρ-<br />γειας τών τριών αύτών συντελεστών ύπήρξε ή εύρύτατη διάδοση καί καθιέρωση<br />τής ελληνικής γλώσσας ώς οργάνου τής επικοινωνίας στή Νοτιοανατολική<br />Ευρώπη πριν τό 1821. Τονίζεται ότι πολλές άπό τις πολιτισμικές<br />εκδηλώσεις πού είχαν ώς όργανο τήν ελληνική γλώσσα δέν πρέπει νά έρμη-</p><p>γεύονται ώς εθνικά καθορισμένα φαινόμενα καί μέ το ίδιο πνεύμα άνα-<br />σκευάζεται ό ιστοριογραφικός αναχρονισμός ότι δήθεν ή Εκκλησία τής<br />Κωνσταντινουπόλεως κατά την εποχή αυτή δοκίμασε να «έξελληνίσει» τούς<br />αλλόγλωσσους ’Ορθόδοξους πληθυσμούς τής Βαλκανικής.<br />Οί γενικότερες ερμηνευτικές θέσεις τής μελέτης εικονογραφούνται μέ<br />συγκεκριμένα παραδείγματα, πού άναδεικνύουν τή ρευστότητα των ταυτοτήτων<br />στήν προεθνική κοινωνία. Τα παραδείγματα περιλαμβάνουν τις περιπτώσεις<br />τού Θεοδώρου Καβαλλιώτη, τού Ναούμ Ramniceanu καί τού Διονυσίου<br />Φωτεινού, πού εμφανίζονται ώς εκπρόσωποι μιας κοινωνικής καί<br />πολιτισμικής πραγματικότητας, τήν όποια σάρωσε από τό προσκήνιο τής<br />Ιστορίας ή Ισχύς των εθνικισμών.</p>

scholarly journals Are seamounts refuge areas for fauna from polymetallic nodule fields?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne Cuvelier ◽  
Pedro A. Ribeiro ◽  
Sofia P. Ramalho ◽  
Daniel Kersken ◽  
Pedro Martinez Arbizu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fracture Zone ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Soft Sediment ◽  
Sea Floor ◽  
Polymetallic Nodule ◽  
Refuge Area ◽  
Clipperton Fracture Zone ◽  
Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone ◽  
Refuge Areas ◽  
Hard Substrata

Abstract. Seamounts are abundant and prominent features on the deep-sea floor and intersperse with the nodule fields of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ). There is a particular interest in characterising the fauna inhabiting seamounts in the CCZ because they are the only other ecosystem in the region to provide hard substrata besides the abundant nodules on the soft sediment abyssal plains. It has been hypothesised that seamounts could provide refuge for organisms during deep-sea mining actions or that they could play a role in the (re-)colonisation of the disturbed nodule fields. This hypothesis is tested by analysing video transects in both ecosystems, assessing megafauna composition and abundance. Nine video transects (ROV dives) from two different license areas and one Area of Particular Environmental Interest in the eastern CCZ were analysed. Four of these transects were carried out as exploratory dives on four different seamounts in order to gain first insights in megafauna composition. The five other dives were carried out in the neighbouring nodule fields in the same areas. Variation in community composition observed among and along the video transects was high, with little morphospecies overlap on intra-ecosystem transects. Despite these observations of considerable faunal variations within each ecosystem, differences between seamounts and nodule fields prevailed, showing significantly different species associations characterising them, thus questioning their use as a possible refuge area.

Benthic Macroinvertebrate Changes in Lakes near Sudbury, Ontario, following a Reduction in Acid Emissions

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (S1) ◽  
pp. 63-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Griffiths ◽  
W. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Benthic Macroinvertebrate ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
The Third ◽  
Refuge Area ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Littoral Habitats ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Density ◽  
Lake Basins

Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from three lake basins before and after a reduction in acidity, a result of reduced acid emissions from the smelting industry in Sudbury, Ontario. The number of taxa and macroinvertebrate density were greater in the later surveys of the lakes than expected by chance alone. Species richness and macroinvertebrate density were higher in all littoral habitats and in profundal habitats of two lake basins. Species richness showed little change and macroinvertebrate density was lower in the profundal habitat of the third lake basin. Increased survival, probably as a result of reduced chemical toxicity, best accounted for the higher species richness and benthic density. Trout predation, through a numerical response, probably masked these responses in the profundal habitat of the third lake basin because the refuge area from predation (i.e. region of the hypolimnion low in dissolved oxygen) was small. These data indicate that biological recovery of industrially acidified lakes is possible solely by reducing emissions, provided that recolonizing species are not locally extinct.

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