Evolutionary Analogy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clive Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Analogy

scholarly journals The emergence of cooperation by evolutionary generalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1951) ◽  
pp. 20210338
Author(s):  
Félix Geoffroy ◽  
Jean-Baptiste André
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Evolutionary Analogy ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable

In principle, any cooperative behaviour can be evolutionarily stable as long as it is incentivized by a reward from the beneficiary, a mechanism that has been called reciprocal cooperation. However, what makes this mechanism so powerful also has an evolutionary downside. Reciprocal cooperation faces a chicken-and-egg problem of the same kind as communication: it requires two functions to evolve at the same time—cooperation and response to cooperation. As a result, it can only emerge if one side first evolves for another reason, and is then recycled into a reciprocal function. Developing an evolutionary model in which we make use of machine learning techniques, we show that this occurs if the fact to cooperate and reward others’ cooperation become general abilities that extend beyond the set of contexts for which they have initially been selected. Drawing on an evolutionary analogy with the concept of generalization, we identify the conditions necessary for this to happen. This allows us to understand the peculiar distribution of reciprocal cooperation in the wild, virtually absent in most species—or limited to situations where individuals have partially overlapping interests, but pervasive in the human species.

scholarly journals The emergence of cooperation by evolutionary generalization

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix Geoffroy ◽  
Jean-Baptiste André
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Emergence Of Cooperation ◽  
Evolutionary Analogy ◽  
Evolutionarily Stable

In principle, any cooperative behaviour can be evolutionarily stable as long as it is incentivized by a reward from the beneficiary, a mechanism that has been called reciprocal cooperation. However, what makes this mechanism so powerful also has an evolutionary downside. Reciprocal cooperation faces a chicken-and-egg problem of the same kind as communication: it requires two functions to evolve at the same time –cooperation and response to cooperation. As a result, it can only emerge if one side first evolves for another reason, and is then recycled into a reciprocal function. Developping an evolutionary model in which we make use of machine learning techniques, we show that this occurs if the fact to cooperate and reward others’ cooperation become general abilities that extend beyond the set of contexts for which they have initially been selected. Drawing on an evolutionary analogy with the concept of generalization, we identify the conditions necessary for this to happen. This allows us to understand the peculiar distribution of reciprocal cooperation in the wild, virtually absent in most species –or limited to situations where individuals have partially overlapping interests, but pervasive in the human species

scholarly journals Survival of the Ideas that Fit: An Evolutionary Analogy for the Use of Evidence in Policy

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Research Evidence ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Evolutionary Analogy ◽  
Use Of Research

This paper explores bias in the use of evidence in policy. It argues that existing models of the evidence–policy relationship neglect the tendency for attention to be paid only to that evidence helpful to the interests of powerful social groups. An evolutionary analogy is used to explain how this bias arises, without the need for irrationality or conspiracy on the part of policy makers. Examples are given in the fields of drug, asylum and other policies, and the possible responses by researchers to the biased use of research evidence are discussed.

The Impact of New Media on Diplomatic Practice: An Evolutionary Model of Change

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Archetti
Keyword(s):  
New Media ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Public Diplomacy ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Public Outreach ◽  
Evolutionary Analogy ◽  
The Impact

Summary Based on a range of interviews with foreign diplomats in London, this article explains the considerable variation in the way that communication technologies both affect diplomatic practices and are appropriated by diplomats to pursue the respective countries’ information-gathering and public outreach objectives. The study shows that London, as an information environment, is experienced differently by each of the diplomats and embassy actors. The analysis elaborates a model of the ‘communication behaviour’ of foreign diplomats, based on an evolutionary analogy: foreign diplomats in the context of the British capital, within their respective embassy organizations, can each be compared to the members of a species that is attempting to survive in a natural environment. The nuances highlighted by the explanatory model challenge the largely homogeneous and generalized nature of current debates about media and diplomacy, as well as public diplomacy.

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