Influence of robust drain openings and insulation stand-offs on corrosion under insulation behavior of carbon steel

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3749 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Raza Khan Rana ◽  
Mingzhang Yang ◽  
Jamal Umer ◽  
Tom Veret ◽  
Graham Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Process Systems ◽  
Equipment And Pipelines ◽  
Thermal Insulations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moisture Cycling ◽  
Corrosion Under Insulation ◽  
Polarization Resistance Method

CUI (corrosion under insulation) is among the key concerns for the integrity of process equipment and pipelines. Various measures to detect and fix the damages from CUI pose significant maintenance expenditures in hydrocarbons processing facilities. The key reason behind CUI is the limitation of thermal insulations to absorb the moisture and soak the underneath metal from wicking action. Other than CUI, trapped moisture in the soaked thermal insulations causes heat loss from process systems, thereby posing the risk of additional damage mechanisms and increased operating expenditures. This study addresses the impact of robust drain openings and insulation stand-offs on the CUI rate of carbon steel under four different testing conditions namely isothermal wet, isothermal wet-dry, cyclic wet, and cyclic wet-dry, respectively. Corroded specimens were further characterized using surface topography and scanning electron microscope. The impacts of temperature and moisture cycling on the corrosion attributes were also characterized using the linear polarization resistance method followed by an investigation of corrosion modes via optical microscopy. Insulation stand-offs in conjunction with robust drain opening resulted in the lowest corrosion rate. With insulation stand-offs and drain openings, the cyclic temperature conditions caused higher metal loss than that in isothermal conditions.

scholarly journals Studying the Impact of Blast Treatment on the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 1014 (1) ◽  
pp. 012034
Author(s):  
G S Nagicheva ◽  
A V Nokhrin ◽  
N N Berendeev ◽  
N V Melekhin ◽  
A V Piskunov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
The Impact

Analytical Investigation of Deaerator Steam Inlet Nozzle Corrosion Allowance in a CANDU Station

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Keshavarz ◽  
Andrew K. Ali ◽  
Randy K. Lall
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Stress Analysis ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Accelerated Corrosion ◽  
Materials Properties ◽  
Flow Accelerated Corrosion

Flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC) is a phenomenon that results in metal loss from piping, vessels and equipment made of carbon steel. This metal loss can lead to stress to occur at the steam inlet nozzle side, where it is located at the side of the deaerator. This paper presents a method to find the thickness critical of the steam inlet nozzle. A Finite Element (FE) model of the pressure vessel head was created to perform a stress analysis using NX Nastran 5.0. By applying materials properties, loads and constraints to the model, the results obtained are required to satisfy the following criterion: vonMises≥SySy=YieldStrength The results obtained from the stress analysis were analyzed to obtain a corrosion allowance and it was compared to the recommended value from a normal deaerator design, which is roughly 0.25 inches. From the FE model, and by continuously reducing the thickness of the nozzle, it was determined that the corrosion allowance is 0.229 inches, and that the percentage error was 8.4%.

Low Temperature Pre-Epi Treatment: Critical Parameters to Control Interface Contamination

2009 ◽  
Vol 145-146 ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Loo ◽  
Andriy Hikavyy ◽  
Frederik E. Leys ◽  
Masayuki Wada ◽  
Kenichi Sano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Sige Layer ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Lifetime Measurements ◽  
Deposition Processes ◽  
Cleaning Methods ◽  
The Impact

Several device concepts have been further evaluated after the successful implementation of epitaxial Si, SiGe and/or Si:C layers. Most of the next device generations will put limitations on the thermal budget of the deposition processes without making concessions on the epitaxial layer quality. In this work we address the impact of ex-situ wet chemical cleans and in-situ pre-epi bake steps, which are required to obtain oxide free Si surfaces for epitaxial growth. The combination of defect measurements, Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, photoluminescence, lifetime measurements, and electrical diode characterization gives a very complete overview of the performance of low-temperature pre-epi cleaning methods. Contamination at the epi/substrate interface cannot be avoided if the pre-epi bake temperature is too low. This interface contamination is traceable by the photoluminescence and lifetime measurements. It may affect device characteristics by enhanced leakage currents and eventually by yield issues due to SiGe layer relaxation or other defect generation. A comparison of state of the art 200 mm and 300 mm process equipment indicates that for the same thermal budgets the lowest contamination levels are obtained for the 300 mm equipments.

Flow Assurance and Thermodynamic Challenges of operating CO2 Pipelines for variations in terrains and environments

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terence George Wood ◽  
Scott Campbell ◽  
Nathan Smith
Keyword(s):  
Process Equipment ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reservoir ◽  
Compositional Approach ◽  
Operational Life ◽  
Geographical Distances ◽  
Fluid Behaviour ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The requirement for capturing and storing Carbon Dioxide will continue to grow in the next decade and a fundamental part of this is being able to transport the fluid over large geographical distances in numerous terrains and environments. The evolving nature of the fluid supply and the storage characteristics ensure the operation of the pipeline remains a challenge throughout its operational life. This paper will examine the impact of changes in the fluid composition, storage locations, ambient conditions and the various operating modes the pipeline will see throughout the lifecycle, highlight the technical design and operational challenges and finally give guidance on future developments. The thermodynamic behaviour of CO2 with and without impurities will be demonstrated utilising the fluid characterisation software, MultiflashTM. The fluid behaviour and hydraulic performance will be calculated over the expected operational envelope of the pipeline throughout field life, highlighting the benefits and constraints of using the single component module in OLGATM whilst comparing against a compositional approach when dealing with impurities. The paper will demonstrate through two case studies of varying nature including geographical environment, storage location (aquifer vs. abandoned hydrocarbon reservoir) and ambient conditions, the following issues: The impact of the storage type on the pipeline operations and how this will evolve with time; The environmental conditions and the impact these have on selection of process equipment and operational procedures (i.e. shutdown); and The impact the CO2 composition has on the design of the CO2 pipeline, and The paper will conclude with a set of guidelines for undertaking design analysis of CO2 pipelines for variations in fluid composition, storage locations and ambient conditions as well as some key operational strategies. This paper utilises the current state of the art tools and how these evolving tools are making this technically challenging area more mainstream.

Study of hydrogenation and corrosion of steel equipment and pipelines at the production facilities of H2S -containing hydrocarbon raw materials

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-181
Author(s):  
R. K. Vagapov
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Safety And Reliability ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Steel Equipment ◽  
Equipment And Pipelines ◽  
Corrosion Of Steel ◽  
The Impact

The impact of hydrogen sulfide raw materials on steel equipment and pipelines is associated not only with corrosion processes, but also with the hydrogenation of used carbon and low-alloy steels. This can lead to the loss of their strength properties and the subsequent destruction of equipment operated under conditions of increased operating pressures. Such corrosive-mechanical effects associated with the penetration of hydrogen into steel are the most dangerous from the point of view of the safety and reliability of the operation of facilities for the production of hydrocarbon fluids. The effect of H2S on the main types of structural steels was investigated according to the results of autoclave tests. The formation of blistering (blistering) and cracks on the surface of steels due to the effect of hydrogen on the steel was recorded. A study of the phase composition of corrosion products and their possible effect on the processes of corrosion and hydrogenation of steel has been carried out.

scholarly journals Mechatronic System’s Permeable Materials with Controlled Porosity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. C45-C49
Author(s):  
O. Povstyanoy ◽  
A. MacMillan
Keyword(s):  
Process Equipment ◽  
Mechatronic System ◽  
Porosity Distribution ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Controlled Porosity ◽  
Permeable Powder Material ◽  
Design And Manufacture ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technical Products

Up-to-date directions in the development of modern industry increase the requirements for the quality of technical products. The design and manufacture of competitive process equipment require accuracy, productivity, and efficiency. Therefore, in this article, a new mechatronic system has been designed and developed to help porous, permeable materials with predicted porosity have been produced. The research aims to develop a mechatronic system for technology optimization in manufacturing permeable porous materials with controlled properties. As a result, the method of computer modeling of porous, permeable materials was developed. It allows us to consider the peculiarities of porosity distribution and radial velocity in radial isostatic compression. Additionally, a new mechatronic system for producing permeable materials allows us to determine the porosity distribution and particular characteristics of permeable powder material. The proposed approach allows us to evaluate the impact of technological modes on the main operational characteristics.

Inhibitive Effect of Fatty Amide and Secondary Species on the Corrosion of Carbon Steel

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 366-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izni Mariah Ibrahim ◽  
Junaidah Jai ◽  
Md Amin Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Inhibition Efficiency ◽  
Static Condition ◽  
Fatty Amide ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Inhibition Effect ◽  
Linear Polarization Resistance ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Polarization Resistance Method

The effect of hydrazine, N2H4 in the presence of fatty amide as corrosion inhibitor on corrosion of carbon steel in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution was studied by linear polarization resistance method (LPRM) at room temperature and static condition. The specimens’ surface analysis was done using atomic force microscope (AFM). The inhibition efficiency improved to more than 80% when 500, 100 and 2000 ppm of hydrazine were added to the inhibited solution containing 20 ppm fatty amide. The results obtained show that the inhibition effect is increased with increase of hydrazine concentration in inhibited solution. It indicates that hydrazine retards the reduction of oxygen in the corrosion process by reacting with dissolved oxygen in the solution and thus, further it reduces the corrosion rate of carbon steel.

Large Plasmonic Resonance Shifts From Metal Loss in Slits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohreh Sharifi ◽  
Reuven Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Finite Difference Time Domain ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Metal Loss ◽  
Plasmonic Resonance ◽  
Reflection Phase ◽  
Past Experiment ◽  
Fabry Perot ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Difference Time

Abstract The impact of loss on the plasmonic resonances in metal-insulator­metal slits is analyzed, particularly the significant effect of loss on the reflection phase. The reflection is calculated analytically using single mode matching the­ory with the unconjugated form of the orthogonality relation. This theoretical calculation agrees well with comprehensive simulations, but differs substan­tially from the conjugated orthogonality result, as was used in past analytical works. This reflection phase has a large impact on the plasmonic resonance wavelengths, which are calculated using a Fabry-Pérot theory and compared with past experiment and finite-difference time-domain simulations.

Effects of Al, Si and N Content on the Formation of M-A Constituent and HAZ Toughness of Ti-Containing Low-Carbon Steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 1016 ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Kook Soo Bang ◽  
Joo Hyeon Cha ◽  
Kyu Tae Han ◽  
Hong Chul Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Steel ◽  
Impact Toughness ◽  
Low Carbon Steel ◽  
Charpy Impact ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
N Content ◽  
Si Content ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Haz Toughness

The present work investigated the effects of Al, Si, and N content on the impact toughness of the coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of Ti-containing low-carbon steel. Simulated CGHAZ of differing Al, Si, and N contents were prepared, and Charpy impact toughness was determined. The results were interpreted in terms of microstructure, especially martensite-austenite (M-A) constituent. All elements accelerated ferrite transformation in CGHAZ but at the same time increased the amount of M-A constituent, thereby deteriorating CGHAZ toughness. It is believed that Al, Si, and free N that is uncombined with Ti retard the decomposition of austenite into pearlite and increase the carbon content in the last transforming austenite, thus increasing the amount of M-A constituent. Regardless of the amount of ferrite in CGHAZ, its toughness decreased linearly with an increase of M-A constituent in this experiment, indicating that HAZ toughness is predominantly affected by the presence of M-A constituent. When a comparison of the effectiveness is made between Al and Si, it showed that a decrease in Si content is more effective in reducing M-A constituents.

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