An experimental investigation of Top of Line Corrosion in a static CO<sub>2</sub> environment

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/3548 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheyla de Carvalho ◽  
Richard Barker ◽  
MARIANA FOLENA ◽  
Mohaamed Al-Khateeb ◽  
JOSE ANTONIO PONCIANO GOMES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Condensation Rate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Water Condensation ◽  
Surface Temperatures

&lt;i&gt;This paper presents an experimental and theoretical investigation into water condensation and corrosion under non-corrosion product forming conditions at the top of line in a static, CO&lt;sub&gt;2 &lt;/sub&gt;environment. An experimental test cell is developed to measure droplet lifetimes, condensation rates, as well as in situ and integrated corrosion rates (using miniature electrodes and mass loss specimens, respectively), as a function of the surface and gas temperatures, when the gas flow is dominated by natural convection. Experimental results show clearly that that water condensation rate (WCR) is not very influential on corrosion rate at low surface temperatures (T&lt;sub&gt;s&lt;/sub&gt;) (particularly below 25&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C) but becomes much more important at higher surface temperatures (&gt;40&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C). These findings are summarised in a new empirical correlation for TLC rate as a function of the condensation rate and surface temperature. A model for condensation at the top of the line for static, buoyancy-driven conditions is also presented and is shown to predict dropwise condensation rates accurately for a range of experimental conditions. The developed miniature electrodes for in situ electrochemical measurement are shown to provide an accurate interpretation of the transient response in general corrosion behaviour by giving real-time corrosion rates to complement the mass loss measurement.&lt;/i&gt;

Foams as Blocking Agents in Porous Media

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Albrecht ◽  
Sullivan S. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Porous Medium ◽  
Porous Media ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Flow In Porous Media ◽  
Porous Rocks ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Storage Reservoirs

Abstract Although foam usually will flow in porous media, under certain controllable conditions it can also be used to block the flow of gas, both in unconsolidated sand packs and in sandstones. After steady gas or foam flow has been established at a certain injection pressure pi, the pressure is decreased until flow pressure pi, the pressure is decreased until flow ceases at a certain blocking pressure pb. When flow is then reestablished at a second, higher pi, blocking can again occur at another pb that will usually be greater than the first pi. The relationship between pi and Pb depends on the type of porous medium and the foamer solution saturation in the porous medium. A process is suggested whereby porous medium. A process is suggested whereby this phenomenon might be used to impede or block leakage in natural gas storage projects. Introduction The practice of storing natural gas in underground porous rocks has developed rapidly, and it now is porous rocks has developed rapidly, and it now is the major way of meeting peak demands in urban areas of the U. S. Many of these storage projects have been plagued with gas leakage problems that have, in some cases, presented safety hazards and resulted in sizeable economic losses. Usually these leaks are due to such natural factors as faults and fractures, or to such engineering factors as poor cement jobs and wells that were improperly abandoned. For the latter, various remedies such as spot cementing have been tried but not always with great success. In recent years several research groups have been studying the flow properties of aqueous foams and their application to various petroleum engineering problems. Most of this work has been done under problems. Most of this work has been done under experimental conditions such that the foam would flow in either tubes or porous media. However, under some extreme or unusual experimental conditions, flow in porous media becomes very difficult or even impossible. This factor also has suggested m us as well as to others that foam can be used as a gas flow impeder or as a sealant for leaks in gas storage reservoirs. In such a process, the natural ability of porous media to process, the natural ability of porous media to generate foam would be utilized by injecting a slug of foamer solution and following this with gas to form the foam in situ. This paper presents preliminary results of a sandy on the blockage of gas flow by foam in porous media. It also describes how this approach might be applied to a field process for sealing leaks in natural gas storage reservoirs. Throughout this report, we use the term "foam" to describe any dispersed gas-liquid system in which the liquid is the continuous phase, and the gas is the discontinuous phase. APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE A schematic drawing of the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. At least 50 PV of filtered, deaerated foamer solution were forced through the porous medium to achieve liquid saturation greater than 80 percent. Afterwards air at controlled pressures was passed into the porous medium in order to generate foam in situ. Table 1 shows the properties and dimensions of the several porous media that were used. The beach sands were washed, graded and packed into a vibrating lucite tube containing a constant liquid level to avoid Stoke's law segregation over most of the porous medium. JPT P. 51

Corrosion of Ti99.8-Pd Under Gamma Irradiation in MgC12-Rich Brine

1997 ◽  
Vol 506 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Smailos ◽  
D. Schild ◽  
K. Gompper
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Strong Candidate ◽  
Main Component ◽  
Container Material

ABSTRACTThe combined influence of gamma radiation (10 Gy/h) and high temperature (150 °C) on the corrosion of the promising HLW container material Ti99.8-Pd was investigated in an MgCl2-rich brine, and the corrosion surface films formed were characterized by XPS. For comparison, specimens without irradiation were also examined.Under the test conditions used, the alloy Ti99.8-Pd is resistant to local corrosion and its general corrosion is negligible low. The thin corrosion films formed on the surface of unirradiated specimens and in the crevices of specimens exposed to radiation consist of TiO2. However, outside the crevices of irradiated specimens, a surface layer consisting of Mg (main component of the brine) and Si (impurity in the brine) oxide is built up over the TiO2 layer. Comparable TiO2 layer thicknesses (30 - 65 nm, depending on the experimental conditions) are found for unirradiated and irradiated laboratory specimens. The TiO2 layer formed on the in-situ corrosion specimens (33 nm / 5.3 years) is thinner than that of the laboratory specimens (58 nm / 191 days) indicating less aggressive conditions in the field experiments. In view of these results, the alloy Ti99.8-Pd continues to be considered as a strong candidate container material and will be further investigated.

In-Situ Corrosion Studies on Cast Steel for a High-Level Waste Packaging in a Rock Salt Repository

1988 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Schwarzkopf ◽  
E. Smailos ◽  
R. Koster
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Rock Salt ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Cast Steel ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
High Level Waste ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Vertical Temperature Profile ◽  
Corrosion Studies

ABSTRACTPrevious corrosion studies performed on a number of materials have shown that unalloyed steels are promising materials for long-term resistant packagings to be used in disposal of heat-generating wastes in rock salt formations. This is the reason why those steels are the subject of more detailed investigations. This paper reports an in-situ experiment conducted in the Asse salt mine in which the influence of selected characteristics (welding, shape) of containers on the corrosion behaviour of cast steel was studied. The material was tested in NaCl brine which might intrude into an HLW borehole in an accident scenario. For this, an electron beam welded cast-steel tube was stored for 18 months in a 2-m deep heated borehole and the annular gap between the tube and the borehole wall was filled with saturated NaCl brine. The vertical temperature profile in the borehole was in the range from 90°C to 200°C; the maximum temperature occurred in the center of the heated zone and the minimum temperature in the upper parts of tube.Under the testing conditions cast steel was subjected to general corrosion at a maximum corrosion rate of 120 μm/a. Considering this magnitude of the corrosion rates, the resulting corrosion allowances are technically acceptable for a packaging having long service-lives. Pitting and crevice corrosion as well as stress-corrosion cracking did not occur in cast steel, and electron beam welding did not exert a noticeable influence on cast-steel corrosion. With these results available, cast steel continues to be considered as a promising HLW packaging material.

scholarly journals Discussion on Water Condensation in Membrane Pores during CO2 Absorption at High Temperature

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
Zhe Phak Chan ◽  
Lin Li ◽  
Guodong Kang ◽  
Norfaizah Ab Manan ◽  
Yiming Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Co2 Absorption ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Membrane Pores ◽  
Water Condensation ◽  
Temperature Conditions ◽  
Membrane Wetting

Water condensation is a possible cause of membrane wetting in the operation of membrane contactors, especially under high-temperature conditions. In this study, water condensation in pores of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membranes was investigated during high-pressure CO2 absorption around 70 °C. It was found that the liquid accumulation rate in the treated gas knock-out drum was constant during continuous operation for 24 h when all experimental conditions were fixed, indicating a stable degree of membrane wetting. However, as the operating parameters were changed, the equilibrium vapor pressure of water within membrane pores could change, which may result in a condensation-conducive environment. Water condensation in membrane pores was detected and proven indirectly through the increase in liquid accumulation rate in the treated gas knock-out drum. The Hagen–Poiseuille equation was used to correlate the liquid accumulation rate with the degree of membrane wetting. The degree of membrane wetting increased significantly from 1.8 × 10−15 m3 to 3.9 × 10−15 m3 when the feed gas flow rate was reduced from 1.45 kg/h to 0.40 kg/h in this study due to water condensation in membrane pores. The results of this study provide insights into potential operational limitations of membrane contactor for CO2 absorption under high-temperature conditions.

scholarly journals Comparative Study on the Corrosion Behaviour of welded and un-welded Mild Steel in Agitated Media of Distilled Water 0.5mol, 0.3mol of Sodium Sulphate (Na2SO4) Solution

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Mild Steel ◽  
Corrosion Behaviour ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Sodium Sulphate ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Materials Used

The research work was based on the comparative study of the corrosion bebaviour of the mild steel using agitated distilled water with 0.5 mol and 0.3 mol of Na2SO4 solution. The materials used for the research work are welded and un-welded mild steel. The mild steel materials were obtained at the Foundry shop of the Ajaokuta Steel Company Limited. The mild steel materials were analyzed using the SPECTRO Analytical Instruments at the Foundry shop of the company. These experiments were performed using 0.5mol and 0.3mol of Na2SO4 in different agitated media of distilled water .The samples used for general corrosion studies were 10mm and 4mm mild steel thickness. These materials were cut into specimen sizes to 2cm by 2cm). Twenty -eight (28) specimens each were prepared for the 10mm and 4mm mild steel materials the samples were ground and polished on the emery papers which removed rust particles on the test materials. The specimens were exposed for days for over fifty –four (54) days, with an interval of 3days. It was observed that welded materials have higher corrosion rate than the un-welded materials when subjected to experimental conditions. The corrosion rates values were used to plot graphs against time of exposure.

scholarly journals Respirometric In-Situ Methods for Real-Time Monitoring of Corrosion Rates: Part I. Atmospheric Corrosion

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Strebl ◽  
Mark Bruns ◽  
Sannakaisa Virtanen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Atmospheric Corrosion ◽  
Cathodic Charge ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Field Exposure ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
O2 Reduction

A novel respirometric approach to monitor atmospheric corrosion kinetics is presented. Simultaneous real-time monitoring of the H2 evolution reaction (HER) and the O2 reduction reaction (ORR) is possible with a combination of optical O2 sensor measurements with gravimetric volume sensitive techniques or pressure sensor based techniques in closed chambers. The respirometric method is a universal, non-destructive tool applicable to any metal or alloy. It shows a high sensitivity for low corrosion rates and has a high time-resolution. Different examples of relevant engineering metals and alloys will be provided. Mass loss validation measurements carried out at the end of exposure show a good correlation with the total recorded cathodic charge. For metals with different oxidation states the average valency in the corrosion products can be calculated from the cathodic charge together with mass loss. The versatility of the novel monitoring technique is further demonstrated by studying the influence of wet-dry cycling, temperature steps or changes in the gas composition in-situ. The rate of HER, ORR and total corrosion rate during these changing exposure conditions can be tracked directly on the same sample. Overall the new method contributes to bridging the gap between lab tests, accelerated testing and field exposure.

Effects of Volatilization on Groundwater Chemistry

2002 ◽  
Vol 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Pulvirenti ◽  
K. M. Needham ◽  
M. A. Adel-Hadadi ◽  
E. J. Bishop ◽  
A. Barkatt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
General Corrosion ◽  
Solute Content ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
A Value ◽  
Alloy 22 ◽  
Late Stages

ABSTRACTBoth concentrated and dilute simulated solutions of saturated J13 and unsaturated UZ pore water were concentrated through distillation of the solutions under atmospheric pressure. It was observed that condensed vapors from the pH of J13 waters steadily rose during the distillations to a value of 10, while the pH of UZ waters remained steady until 90% of the volume of the solution had been distilled, after which the pH of the condensed vapors dropped precipitously, often below 1. Residual solutions analyzed when most of the solution had been distilled away were also found to be extremely acidic. The temperature of these residual solutions was around 144°C due to their high solute content causing boiling point elevation. All experiments were performed with the condenser open to ambient air at atmospheric pressure. The pH drop during the distillation of UZ water is attributed largely to the presence of large amounts of magnesium. Specimens of Alloy 22 tested in the residual solutions of at their boiling temperature (around 144°C) showed significant rates of general corrosion over a broad range, often approaching 1 mm/year. Similarly high corrosion rates were also observed in tests on Alloy 22 specimens in condensates obtained during the late stages of the distillation. These tests were performed either in situ at 75–80°C using a Soxhlet extractor, or in separate pressure vessels at temperatures between 90 and 130°C.

scholarly journals Investigation of In Situ Boron-Doping in SiGe Source/Drain Layer Growth for PMOS Devices

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Zhong ◽  
Shou Mian Chen ◽  
David Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Boron Doping ◽  
Sige Layer ◽  
Layer Growth ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffraction Mode ◽  
Secondary Ion

Embedded SiGe (eSiGe) source/drain (S/D) was studied to enhance PMOS performance. Detailed investigations concerning the effect of GeH4and B2H6gas flow rate on the resultant Boron-doping of the SiGe layer (on a 40 nm patterned wafer) were carried out. Various SiGeB epitaxial growth experiments were realized under systematically varying experimental conditions. Key structural and chemical characteristics of the SiGeB layers were investigated using Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), nanobeam diffraction mode (NBD), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) itself. Furthermore,Ion/Ioffperformances of 40 nm PMOS transistors are also measured by the Parametric Test Systems for the semiconductor industry. The results indicate that the ratio between GeH4and B2H6gas flow rates influences not only the Ge and Boron content of the SiGeB layer, but also the PMOS channel strain and the morphology of the eSiGe S/D regions which directly affect PMOS performance. In addition, the mechanism of Boron-doping during SiGe layer growth on the pattern wafer is briefly discussed. The results and discussion presented within this paper are expected to contribute to the optimization of eSiGe stressor, aimed for advanced CMOS devices.

scholarly journals Glacier Surface Mass Balance in the Suntar-Khayata Mountains, Northeastern Siberia

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Zongli Jiang ◽  
Junfeng Wei ◽  
Hiroyuki Enomoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Loss ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
Surface Mass Balance ◽  
Negative Mass ◽  
Glacier Surface ◽  
Surface Mass ◽  
Northeastern Siberia ◽  
Response To Temperature ◽  
Rapid Mass

Arctic glaciers comprise a small fraction of the world’s land ice area, but their ongoing mass loss currently represents a large cryospheric contribution to the sea level rise. In the Suntar-Khayata Mountains (SKMs) of northeastern Siberia, in situ measurements of glacier surface mass balance (SMB) are relatively sparse, limiting our understanding of the spatiotemporal patterns of regional mass loss. Here, we present SMB time series for all glaciers in the SKMs, estimated through a glacier SMB model. Our results yielded an average SMB of −0.22 m water equivalents (w.e.) year−1 for the whole region during 1951–2011. We found that 77.4% of these glaciers had a negative mass balance and detected slightly negative mass balance prior to 1991 and significantly rapid mass loss since 1991. The analysis suggests that the rapidly accelerating mass loss was dominated by increased surface melting, while the importance of refreezing in the SMB progressively decreased over time. Projections under two future climate scenarios confirmed the sustained rapid shrinkage of these glaciers. In response to temperature rise, the total present glacier area is likely to decrease by around 50% during the period 2071–2100 under representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5).

Localized Corrosion of Binary Mg-Nd Alloys in Chloride-Containing Electrolyte Using a Scanning Vibrating Electrode Technique

CORROSION ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Williams ◽  
K. Gusieva ◽  
N. Birbilis
Keyword(s):  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Radial Expansion ◽  
Alloying Additions ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Surface Breakdown ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Intact Surface ◽  
Mean Current ◽  
Electrode Technique

The influence of neodymium (Nd) alloying additions in the 0.47 wt% to 3.53 wt% range on the localized corrosion behavior of Mg, when freely corroding in aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyte, is investigated using an in situ scanning vibrating electrode technique (SVET). For all samples, the point of surface breakdown is an intense focal anode that expands radially with respect to time, revealing a cathodically activated interior, which is galvanically coupled with the local anode at the perimeter. However, for Nd compositions of ≤0.74%, radial expansion ceases within ca. 2 h of initiation, whereupon dark filiform-like corrosion features are observed, which traverse over the exposed Mg surface. For Nd additions of ≥1.25%, the radial expansion continues with time up to a point where the entire intact surface becomes consumed. The intensity of the local anode ring of circular corroded regions is seen to increase as more cathodically activated corroded surface becomes exposed. Mean current density values measured within these corroded areas increase progressively with Nd content, leading to a progressive rise in localized corrosion rates. The cathodic activation of corroded regions is proposed to derive from an enrichment of noble, Nd-rich intermetallic grains caused as the alpha-Mg phase becomes attacked at local anode sites.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document