scholarly journals Effect of Nickel on the Hydrogen Stress Cracking Resistance of Ferritic/Pearlitic Low Alloy Steels

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/2724 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (7) ◽  
pp. 801-818
Author(s):  
Hans Husby ◽  
Philip Wagstaff ◽  
Mariano Iannuzzi ◽  
Roy Johnsen ◽  
Mariano Kappes
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Slow Strain Rate Test ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Rate Test

Nickel additions to low alloy steels improve mechanical and technological properties. However, Part 2 of ISO Standard 15156 limits the nickel content to a maximum of 1 wt% in oil and gas environments containing H2S because of controversial concerns regarding sulfide stress cracking. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of nickel in solid solution in the ferrite phase on hydrogen stress cracking resistance. Ferritic/pearlitic research-grade low alloy steels with nominal nickel contents of 0, 1, 2, and 3 wt% were tested by the slow strain rate test method with cathodic hydrogen charging to −1.05 VAg/AgCl and −2 VAg/AgCl. No difference in fracture mode or morphology was found between the alloys. However, the plastic elongation ratios and reduction in area ratios decreased with increasing nickel content when tested at −2 VAg/AgCl. The direct and indirect effects of nickel, such as the influence of an increasing fraction of pearlite with increasing nickel content, are discussed.

Sulfide stress cracking of nickel-containing low-alloy steels

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 101-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariano Kappes ◽  
Mariano Iannuzzi ◽  
Raúl B. Rebak ◽  
Ricardo M. Carranza
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Nickel Content ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking ◽  
Sour Service

AbstractLow-alloy steels (LAS) are extensively used in oil and gas (O&G) production due to their good mechanical properties and low cost. Even though nickel improves mechanical properties and hardenability with low penalty on weldability, which is critical for large subsea components, nickel content cannot exceed 1-wt% when used in sour service applications. The ISO 15156-2 standard limits the nickel content in LAS on the assumption that nickel concentrations above 1-wt% negatively impact sulfide stress cracking (SSC) resistance. This restriction excludes a significant number of high-strength and high-toughness alloys, such as Ni-Cr-Mo (e.g., UNS G43200 and G43400), Ni-Mo (e.g., UNS G46200), and Ni-Cr-Mo-V grades, from sour service applications and can be used only if successfully qualified. However, the standard is based on controversial research conducted more than 40 years ago. Since then, researchers have suggested that it is the microstructure that determines SSC resistance, regardless of Ni content. This review summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of nickel-containing LAS in terms of strength, weldability, hardenability, potential weight savings, and cost reduction. Likewise, the state of knowledge on the effect of nickel on hydrogen absorption as well as SSC initiation and propagation kinetics is critically reviewed.

Effects of Mn, P, and mo on sulfide stress cracking resistance of high strength low alloy steels

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2171-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Asahi ◽  
Yasuo Sogo ◽  
Masakatsu Ueno ◽  
Hirokichi Higashiyama
Keyword(s):  
High Strength ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

Environmental Cracking Susceptibility of Low-Alloy Steels Under a High H2S Pressure and High-Temperature Sour Environment

CORROSION ◽  
10.5006/2669 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kobayashi ◽  
Tomohiko Omura ◽  
Atsushi Souma ◽  
Taro Ohe ◽  
Hisashi Amaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Localized Corrosion ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Partial Pressures ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Grade Material ◽  
Point Bend

Environmental cracking (EC) susceptibility of low-alloy steels with a specified minimum yield strength of 655 MPa (95 ksi) and 758 MPa (110 ksi) manufactured by quenching and tempering heat treatments was investigated in high H2S partial pressures (more than 1.0 MPa) using four-point bend tests in autoclaves. The H2S partial pressures and testing temperatures varied from 1.0 MPa to 10 MPa and 24°C to 150°C, respectively. Materials of grades 95 ksi and 110 ksi containing high Cr and Mo showed no macrocracking under all tested conditions. Localized corrosion occurred at several locations after exposure for 1 month under high H2S pressure and high-temperature conditions. It was concluded that the localized corrosion did not form macrocracking even after long-term (3 months) immersion tests. On the other hand, 110 ksi grade material containing low Cr and Mo suffered from sulfide stress cracking at low temperatures (below 66°C) and at an H2S pressure of 1.0 MPa. The material also showed EC at an H2S pressure of 10 MPa and temperature from 107°C to 150°C. The difference of EC susceptibility among the materials is discussed based on corrosion reactions, hydrogen absorption, and morphologies of the corrosion products on the steel surface.

The Effect of Nickel on Hydrogen Cracking Resistance in Low Alloy Steels—A Review

CORROSION ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 457-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Craig
Keyword(s):  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Cracking Resistance ◽  
Hydrogen Cracking ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
True Effect ◽  
Ni Addition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Alloy Steels

Abstract Literature is reviewed on the effect of nickel in low alloy steels on their resistance to hydrogen stress cracking. The greatest portion of literature pertains to H2S environments since there is a controversy in the petroleum industry as to the effect of Ni. Addition of greater than 1 % Ni to carbon and low alloy steels is considered to be either detrimental or of no effect in an alloy's resistance to hydrogen stress cracking. This review should provide a starting point from which more organized studies can be performed to evaluate the true effect of Ni on hydrogen cracking resistance.

Low Alloy Steels in Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

CORROSION ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Yoshino
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Hydrogen Absorption ◽  
Carbide Precipitation ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Matrix Interface ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Carbide Matrix ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking

Abstract The effect of chemical composition on the behavior of low alloy steels in a hydrogen sulfide environment was studied with regard to corrosion, hydrogen absorption, and sulfide stress cracking. Results were interpreted in connection with microstructure and carbide precipitation. The addition of chromium results in the promotion of hydrogen absorption presumably due to the precipitation of incoherent carbides, thereby reducing, in general, the resistance to SSC. Fine coherent carbides appear to be beneficial, or at least not detrimental, to SSC resistance; e.g., Mo2C, VC, TiC, and NbC. Microstructure seems to affect both hydrogen absorption and SSC resistance largely through the trapping behavior of hydrogen at the carbide/matrix interface.

The Role of Hydrogen in Sulfide Stress Cracking of Low Alloy Steels

CORROSION ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 240-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Berkowitz ◽  
F. H. Heubaum
Keyword(s):  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Stress Cracking ◽  
Sulfide Stress ◽  
Alloy Steels ◽  
Sulfide Stress Cracking
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