Impact of Planting Depth on Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Patmore’ Growth, Stability, and Root System Morphology

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Miesbauer ◽  
Andrew Koeser ◽  
Gary Kling ◽  
Gitta Hasing ◽  
Marvin Lo
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pull Tests ◽  
The Impact

Trees are often deeply planted as a result of nursery and landscape practices. While past research has investigated the impact of deep planting on tree growth and survival, its impact on whole-tree stability is not well documented. Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica ‘Patmore’) trees were planted at three different depths in research plots and established for nine years. In assessing aboveground growth, planting depth had no effect on stem diameter growth (measured as dbh) (P = 0.421; n = 32) or tree height (P = 0.501; n = 32). Static pull tests were conducted to evaluate the consequences of deep planting on tree stability. Using structure from motion (SfM) photogrammetry-derived computer models to assess root architecture, we found the most significant factors affecting tree stability were: 1) root volumes in the top 10 cm of the soil in a 90° wedge on the side opposite of the pull direction; 2) root volumes 40.1 to 50 cm deep in a 90° wedge on the side opposite of the pull direction; and 3) root volumes deeper than 60.1 cm deep in a 90° wedge on the side opposite of the pull direction (final model: P < 0.001; n = 30; adjusted R2 = 0.852). The importance of structural root morphology throughout the soil profile and implications for urban root-soil relations on tree stability are discussed.

Height growth and survival of within- and between-provenance crosses in jack pine

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1145-1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Magnussen ◽  
C. W. Yeatman
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Lake Michigan ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Significant Differentiation ◽  
Sib Families ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

Controlled pollinations with provenances from Petawawa (Ontario), Fife Lake (Michigan), and Big River (Saskatchewan) were made in all possible combinations, with the ensuing offspring planted at three sites along a north-south transect in Ontario. Survival at age 8 decreased with increased boreal character at the site. Survival of provenance hybrids was intermediate to that of their intraprovenance counterparts. Statistically significant heterosis (departure from midvalue of associated intraprovenance performances) was observed in tree height at two locations. At the northern-most site, growth was poor, with no significant differentiation among any of the tested full-sib families. Within-block microsite quality was unevenly distributed at two sites, which resulted in a low blocking efficiency and a highly significant among-plot variation. However, with five full-sib families per provenance cross, the impact on the statistical analysis of crosses was negligible.

scholarly journals Field Response of Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthos) to Aminocyclopyrachlor1

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Philip Westra ◽  
Curtis Hildebrandt ◽  
Hudson K. Takano ◽  
Todd A. Gaines ◽  
Franck E. Dayan
Keyword(s):  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Severe Injury ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Gleditsia Triacanthos ◽  
Honey Locust ◽  
Tree Injury ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Field trials were conducted to assess the impact of aminocyclopyrachlor on green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) and honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) trees in an urban environment. Aminocyclopyrachlor is a relatively new, selective, plant-growth-regulator herbicide in the pyrimidine carboxylic acid family. Treatments were applied to Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) sod growing with and without trees present. Evaluations included determination of a safe spraying distance from target trees and the effect of application timing on tree response. This multi-year study showed that green ash was highly tolerant to aminocyclopyrachlor while honey locust developed severe injury in trees closest to applications. Honey locust trees up to 7 m (23 ft) from the tree trunk to the edge of the application displayed moderate to severe injury symptoms and fall treatment in October and November had the lowest tree injury compared to all other application timings. Honey locust trees exhibiting moderate to severe cosmetic injury would not be acceptable to landowners; recovery over time was minimal. Trees located 13 m (43 ft) away displayed no injury for any treatment timing. Soil analysis demonstrated that aminocyclopyrachlor dissipation was the same underneath green ash and honey locust trees, and that dissipation was faster in the presence of growing trees. Taken together, these results provide a basic groundwork necessary for improving aminocyclopyrachlor labels, and a better understanding of this herbicide's effect on certain woody species. Index words: Herbicide injury, aminocyclopyrachlor, herbicide fate, tree safety. Species used in this study: Green ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall, honey locust, Gleditsia triacanthos L. Chemicals used in this study: Aminocyclopyrachlor.

scholarly journals Impacts of Wire Basket Retention and Removal on Whole Tree Stability and Long-term Growth1

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Richard J. Hauer ◽  
Andrew K. Koeser ◽  
Jason W. Miesbauer ◽  
Jeff Edgar ◽  
David Kleinhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Acer Platanoides ◽  
Gleditsia Triacanthos ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Norway Maple ◽  
The Wire ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Wire Basket

Abstract When balled-and-burlapped trees are planted, a decision must be made regarding whether the wire basket, burlap, and other packing materials should be removed (completely or partially) or retained. While past research has failed to show a significant impact of either approach with regard to initial growth and establishment, many professionals still question whether a decision to leave the wire basket intact at planting will have longer-term impacts to tree health and stability. In this study, we revisit two nursery trials first initiated in 2011 and 2012 to assess the impact of burlap folding, and full wire basket removal, partial removal, or retention on tree growth and root anchorage five to six growing years after planting. We found that neither stem caliper (min P = 0.249) nor twig elongation (min P = 0.297) differed among removal treatments with the Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) and ‘Skycole' honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis) trees used in this study. Similarly, we were unable to detect any differences in rooting strength among the removal treatments tested (min P = 0.154). These results serve as further evidence that wire baskets are not a cause of early tree mortality or instability. Index words: Arboriculture, biomechanics, growth and longevity, nursery production, static-pull test, transplanting, transplant shock. Species used in this study: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.); ‘Skycole' honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos L. var. inermis).

Environmental factors affecting growth and survival of juvenile western rock lobsters Panulirus longipes (Milne-Edwards)

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Chittleborough
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Growth Increment ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Continuous Darkness ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Impact

The effects of temperature, photoperiod, oxygen, food supply, crowding, and autotomy of limbs have been measured under controlled conditions in aquaria. Growth rate increased with temperature to a maximum 26� C above which both growth rate and survival declined. Varying the length of photoperiod did not affect growth rate or survival, except that the growth rate was depressed significantly in continuous darkness. A mild deficiency of oxygen (60-67 % saturation) resulted in a smaller size increment at a moult; depression to 47-55 % saturation caused deaths at ecdysis. Daily feeding was necessary to maintain maximum rate of growth. The fist response to decreased food supply was a reduction in frequency of moulting. More severe shortage of food also depressed growth increment per moult. Feeding rates and conversion ratios have been measured. Frequency of moulting (and hence growth rate) was depressed markedly when juveniles were held in isolation. At a moult replacing two lost limbs, the growth rate was not affected; replacement of four limbs reduced that moult increment. Single loss of up to four limbs did not result in an earlier moult, but repetitive loss of two or more limbs at or immediately after each ecdysis led to precocious moulting. The impact of these and other components of the environment (shelter, salinity, turbidity, competitors and predators) upon juveniles during the 4 years spent on shallow coastal reefs is discussed. Food supply is emerging as the dominant factor determining growth and survival in the wild population.

scholarly journals The Effects of Planting Depth on Windthrow, Stability, and Growth for Four Tree Species in Containers

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 247-253
Author(s):  
Chad Giblin ◽  
Jeffrey Gillman ◽  
Gary Johnson ◽  
David Hanson ◽  
Patrick Weicherding
Keyword(s):  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Volume Increase ◽  
Tree Stability ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Quercus Bicolor ◽  
Order Root ◽  
Four Levels

Establishing the effects of planting depth on tree stability and growth is critical in understanding the role nursery production plays in planting depth issues at the landscape level. In this study, bare root Whitespire birch (Betula platyphylla var. japonica ‘Whitespire’), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), Snowdrift crabapple (Malus × ‘Snowdrift’), and bicolor oak (Quercus bicolor) were grown for 17 weeks in a container production setting with four levels of substrate over the first main-order root: 0, 5, 10, and 15 cm. Birch demonstrated the greatest instability of all species, leaning significantly more when planted at 0 cm than at 15 cm. In ash and crabapple, there were no significant differences in either the number of trees leaning or the amount of lean in all treatments throughout the study. Oak stems bent excessively, invalidating lean measurements. Stem caliper increase was significantly greater in ash planted 0 and 5 cm deep than 10 and 15 cm deep. There was no significant difference in stem caliper increase between planting depths in other species. Birch planted 0 and 5 cm deep had greater root volume increase than those planted 10 and 15 cm deep. Root volume increase in ash, crabapple, and oak did not differ significantly between treatments. Infrequent windthrow events were observed, but appeared random and apparently unrelated to planting depth. The perceived benefit of planting trees deep in containers to improve stability was observed in only one species (birch) at one depth (15 cm) and was at the expense of significantly reduced root volume increase.

scholarly journals The Role of Enrollment Choice in Online Education: Course Selection Rationale and Course Difficulty as Factors Affecting Retention

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Wladis ◽  
Katherine Wladis, c/o Katherine Conway ◽  
Alyse C. Hachey
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Retention Rates ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Risk Indicator ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Online Persistence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Course Difficulty

There is well-documented evidence that online retention rates are lower than face-to-face retention rates; however, most past research on online retention focuses on student characteristics, with little knowledge existing on the impact of course type. This study uses a matched sample of 2,330 students at a large urban community college to analyze two key course-level factors which may be impacting online retention: the student’s reason for taking the course (as an elective or a requirement) and course difficulty level. The results of this study indicate that the online modality increases dropout risk in courses that are taken as an elective or distributional requirement, particularly for lower-level courses. The findings suggest that in the online environment, the student’s reason for course enrollment may be considered a risk indicator and that focused learner support targeted at particular course types may be needed to increase online persistence and retention.

DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN FISKAL TERHADAP KINERJA SEKTOR PERTANIAN DI SULAWESI TENGGARA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
La Ode Jabuddin ◽  
Ayub M Padangaran ◽  
Azhar Bafadal Bafadal
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Simultaneous Equations ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Historical Simulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Direct Expenditure

This study aims to: (1) Knowing the dynamics of fiscal policy and the performance of the agricultural sector, (2) Analyze the factors that influence fiscal policy and the performance                   of the agricultural sector, and (3) Analyzing the impact of fiscal policy on the performance of the agricultural sector. The data used in this study were pooled 2005-2013 data in the aggregate. Econometric model the impact of fiscal policy on the performance of the agricultural sector is built in the form of simultaneous equations, consisting of 7 equations with 25 total variables in the model, 7 endogenous variables, 12 exogenous variables, and 6 variables lag. The model is estimated by 2SLS method SYSLIN procedures and historical simulation with SIMNLIN procedure.The results showed that: (1) The development of fiscal policy in Southeast Sulawesi from year to year tends to increase, (2) The performance of the agricultural sector from the aspect of GDP has decreased, from the aspect of labor is still consistent, in terms of investment to grow positively, and assign roles which means to decrease the number of poor people, (3) factors affecting fiscal policy is local revenues, equalization funds, other revenues, as well as the lag fiscal policy, (4) the factors that affect the performance of the agricultural sector from the aspect GDP is labor, direct expenditure and GDP lag; from the aspect of labor is the total labor force, investment, land area, direct expenditure, as well as the lag of labor; from the aspect of investment is influenced by GDP per capita, land area, interest rates and investment lag; as well as from the aspect of poor people, are affected by population, investments, direct expenditure and poverty lag, (5). Fiscal policy impact on the agricultural sector GDP increase, a decrease in the number of poor, declining agricultural laborers, and a decrease in the amount of investment in the agricultural sector.Keywords: Fiscal policy, the performance of the agricultural sector, the simultaneous equations

Structural Model of Service Quality Factors Affecting Loyalty Sustainability

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Al-erqi ◽  
◽  
Mohd Lizam Mohd Diah ◽  
Najmaddin Abo Mosali ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
International Students ◽  
Service Quality ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Quality Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

This study seeks to address the impact of service quality affecting international student's satisfaction towards loyalty tothe Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia(UTHM). The aim of thestudy is to develop relationship between service quality factor and loyalty to the university from the international students’ perspectives. The study adopted quantitative approach where data was collected through questionnaire survey and analysed statistically. A total of 246 responses were received and found to be valid. The model was developed and analysed using AMOS-SEM software. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) function of the software was to assessed the measurement models and found that all the models achieved goodness of fit. Then path analysis function was used to assessed structural model and found that service qualityfactors have a significant effect on the students’ satisfaction and thus affecting the loyaltyto the university. Hopefully the outcome form this study will benefit the university in providing services especially to the international students.

Inhibiting Factors of Cost Performance in UAE Construction Projects

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Salem Ahmed Marey Alhammadi ◽  
◽  
Aftab Hameed Memon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Cost Overrun ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Cost Performance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Inhibiting Factors ◽  
Critical Problems ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

UAE construction industry frequently faces poor cost performance which commonly known as cost overrun problem. This problem is resulted from several factors and it is important to identify these cost overrun factors in order to avoid and minimize it. Hence, this paper focused on determined the relevancy of factors affecting cost performance in construction projects of UAE. Through a review of past research works conducted globally, 27 factors of cost overrun were listed and used for developing a structured questionnaire. A survey was conducted with 33 practitioners from client, consultant and contractors organizations involved in handling construction projects in UAE. The respondents were requested to state their perception regarding the relevancy of each of the factors that was perceived in context with cost overrun issue using 5-points Likert scale. The responses were analysed using average index method and the results found that all the 27 factors are relevant with construction industry of UAE in causing cost overrun. These factors can be used for further investigation to uncover critical problems of cost overrun.

Influence of the ICCPR in Asia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yogesh Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Judicial Discourse ◽  
International Human ◽  
Golden Jubilee ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
The Impact

The golden jubilee of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) coincides with the emergence of Asia as a centre of global attention. However, greater attention to Asia has been accompanied by some scepticism over its attitude towards human rights. The chapter provides an overall assessment of the impact of the ICCPR on the major Asian States, with an analysis of the factors affecting such influence. The chapter considers the involvement in, observance of, and compliance with the provisions of the ICCPR by these States. It further delves into the academic and judicial discourse on the ICCPR within these States, recording the domestic disposition towards judgments of foreign courts, the output of the Human Rights Committee, and the work of other international human rights bodies. It makes suggestions for developing mechanisms to improve the effectiveness of the ICCPR and for creating databases to perform further research in the area.

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