Species Variation in Root Tolerance of Soil Compaction and Poor Drainage

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Hewitt ◽  
Frank Balestri ◽  
Marvin Lo ◽  
Gary Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Species Variation ◽  
Compacted Clay ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Tolerant Species ◽  
Loam Soil

Loam-over-compacted-clay and loam soil profiles were created in 10 cm × 10 cm × 25 cm containers. Containers were placed in trays of water to simulate poor subsoil drainage in the landscape. Four urban tolerant species, Acer negundo, Catalpa speciosa, Gleditsia triacanthos, Ulmus americana, and two less tolerant species, Quercus rubra and Acer saccharum, were direct seeded in the containers. Soil volumetric water content and oxygen diffusion rate were monitored. At the conclusion of the study, length of fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) was measured throughout the soil profile. Oxygen decreased and moisture increased with soil depth. Fine root density of all species decreased with depth except Ulmus Americana. Catalpa speciose was the only species showing a difference in root growth between soil types throughout the profile and had up to seven times the root density of other species at the surface and up to four times at the bottom. Root growth of most species seemed to be reduced more by high soil moisture and reduced aeration than soil texture and compaction.

Evaluation of Presswheels and Seed Coverers for Direct Seeding of Brassica

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 599E-600
Author(s):  
Regina P. Bracy ◽  
Richard L. Parish
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
High Soil Moisture ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Determine Effect

Improved stand establishment of direct-seeded crops has usually involved seed treatment and/or seed covers. Planters have been evaluated for seed/plant spacing uniformity, singulation, furrow openers, and presswheel design; however, effects of presswheels and seed coverers on plant establishment have not been widely investigated. Five experiments were conducted in a fine sandy loam soil to determine effect of presswheels and seed coverers on emergence of direct-seeded cabbage and mustard. Seed were planted with Stanhay 870 seeder equipped with one of four presswheels and seed coverers. Presswheels included smooth, mesh, concave split, and flat split types. Seed coverers included standard drag, light drag, paired knives, and no coverer. Soil moisture at planting ranged from 8% to 19% in the top 5 cm of bed. Differences in plant counts taken 2 weeks after planting were minimal with any presswheel or seed coverer. Visual observation indicated the seed furrow was more completely closed with the knife coverer in high soil moisture conditions. All tests received at least 14 mm of precipitation within 6 days from planting, which may account for lack of differences in plant emergence.

Distribution, transformations and recovery of urinary sulphur and sources of plant-available soil sulphur in irrigated pasture soil–plant systems treated with 35sulphur-labelled urine

1994 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Nguyen ◽  
K. M. Goh
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Hydriodic Acid ◽  
Rooting Zone ◽  
Pasture Soil ◽  
S Uptake ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
S Model

SUMMARYA field plot experiment of 271 days duration was conducted on New Zealand irrigated pastures, commencing in the summer (January) 1988, on a Templeton silt loam soil (Udic Ustochrept) by applying 35sulphur (35S)-labelled urine (250 μCi/g S with 1300 μg S/ml) to field plots (600 × 600 mm) at a rate equivalent to that normally occurring in sheep urine patches (150 ml/0·03 m2) to investigate the distribution, transformations and recovery of urinary S in pasture soil–plant systems and sources of plant-available soil S as influenced by the available soil moisture at the time of urine application and varying amounts of applied irrigation water. Results obtained showed that c. 55–90% of 35S-labelled urine was incorporated into soil sulphate (SO42−), ester SO42− and carbon (C)-bonded S fractions within the major plant rooting zone (0–300 mm), as early as 27 days after urine application. Hydriodic acid (Hl)-reducible and C-bonded soil S fractions showed no consistent trend of incorporation. On day 271, labelled-S was found in soil SO42−, Hl-reducible S and C-bonded S fractions to a soil depth of 500 mm, indicating that not only SO42− but also organic S fractions from soils and 35S-labelled urine were leached beyond the major rooting zone. A large proportion (c. 59–75%) of 35S-labelled urine was not recovered in pasture soil–plant systems over a 271-day period, presumably due to leaching losses beyond the 0–300 mm soil depth. This estimated leaching loss was comparable to that (75%) predicted using the S model developed by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture. The recovery of urinary S in soil–plant systems over a 271-day period was not affected by different amounts of irrigation water applied 7 days after urine application to soil at either 50 or 75% available water holding capacity (AWHC). However, significantly lower S recovery occurred when urinary S was applied to the soil at 25% AWHC than at field capacity, suggesting that urinary S applied at field capacity might not have sufficient time to be adsorbed by soil particles, enter soil micropores or be immobilized by soil micro-organisms. Both soil ester SO42− and calcium phosphate-extractable soil S in urine-treated soils were found to be major S sources for pasture S uptake. Labelled S from 35S-labelled urine accounted for c. 12–47% of total S in pasture herbage.

scholarly journals Desiccation Tolerance of Green Ash and Sugar Maple Fine Roots

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Exposed fine roots are subject to desiccation, which may affect their survival as well as new root growth following bare root transplanting. Fine roots of dormant 1-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, subjected to desiccation treatments of 0, 1, 2, or 3 hours in December and March, lost up to 82 percent of their water. Root electrolyte leakage, a measure of cell damage, tripled after three hours of desiccation. The increase was moderately, but significantly, greater in March for both species. Desiccation treatments had no effect on fine root survival. Growth of new roots (RGP) was also unaffected by desiccation treatments. RGP of maple was greater in March than December, but not ash.

scholarly journals Mechanical Root-Disruption Practices and Their Effect on Circling Roots of Pot-Bound Tilia Cordata Mill. and Salix Alba L. ‘Niobe’

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Patrick Weicherding ◽  
Chad Giblin ◽  
Jeffrey Gillman ◽  
David Hanson ◽  
Gary Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Tilia Cordata ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Fibrous Root ◽  
Salix Alba ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Disruption Method ◽  
The University ◽  
Pruning Techniques

Pot-bound Tilia cordata Mill. and Salix alba L. ‘Niobe’ were planted in a Waukegan silt loam soil in June 2003 at the University of Minnesota TRE nursery in St. Paul, Minnesota. Before planting, the root balls of the container-grown plants were mechanically disrupted using one of three standard root pruning practices recommended to correct circling roots: scoring (slicing), butterfly pruning, or teasing. Root balls on the controls were left undisturbed. The trees were harvested in October 2004. Roots growing beyond the original root ball were counted and measured for diameter growth to assess the effectiveness of the root pruning techniques in encouraging root growth outside of the original root ball. All root disruption treatments resulted in increased fibrous root growth, but no mechanical root disruption method was significantly better than root balls left undisturbed.

Root Growth of Neighboring Maize and Weeds Studied with Minirhizotrons

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Britschgi ◽  
Peter Stamp ◽  
Juan M. Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Belowground Competition ◽  
Higher Plant ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed

Competition between crops and weeds may be stronger at the root than at the shoot level, but belowground competition remains poorly understood, due to the lack of suitable methods for root discrimination. Using a transgenic maize line expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), we nondestructively discriminated maize roots from weed roots. Interactions between GFP-expressing maize, common lambsquarters, and redroot pigweed were studied in two different experiments with plants arranged in rows at a higher plant density (using boxes with a surface area of 0.09 m2) and in single-plant arrangements (using boxes with a surface area of 0.48 m2). Root density was screened using minirhizotrons. Relative to maize that was grown alone, maize root density was reduced from 41 to 87% when it was grown with redroot pigweed and from 27 to 73% when it was grown with common lambsquarters compared to maize grown alone. The calculated root : shoot ratios as well as the results of shoot dry weight and root density showed that both weed species restricted root growth more than they restricted shoot growth of maize. The effect of maize on the root density of the weeds ranged from a reduction of 25% to an increase of 23% for common lambsquarters and a reduction of 42 to 6% for redroot pigweed. This study constitutes the first direct quantification of root growth and distribution of maize growing together with weeds. Here we demonstrate that the innovative use of transgenic GFP-expressing maize combined with the minirhizotron technique offers new insights on the nature of the response of major crops to belowground competition with weeds.

Uptake of phosphorus and potassium in relation to root growth and root density

1973 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. I. Newman ◽  
Rosalie E. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Density ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium

Effect of Commonly used Turfgrass Herbicides on Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Root Growth

Weed Science ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick M. Fishel ◽  
G. Euel Coats
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
Sandy Clay Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Clay ◽  
Loam Soil

Experiments were conducted in 1990 and 1991 to determine bioavailability of PRE herbicides at three soil profile depths and two soil types in established common bermudagrass sods. Prodiamine and oryzalin reduced ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass root growth in the 5- to 7.5-cm layer of a Bosket very fine sandy loam soil at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in 1991. These herbicides decreased bermudagrass root weight in both the Bosket and Marietta sandy clay loam both years in samples taken from the 2.5- to 5-cm depth layer. In the 0- to 2.5-cm soil layer, all herbicides reduced root weight in 1990. In a bioassay, prodiamine caused decreased Tifgreen bermudagrass root growth at concentrations as low as 4 ppb by wt in the very fine sandy loam soil, while 8 ppb was necessary in the sandy clay loam soil. Prodiamine was detected in the very fine sandy loam at 4 wk after treatment at all depths in 1991 (65, 45, and 39 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively). Oryzalin was also detected at all depths in 1991 when sampled at 2 and 4 wk after treatment in the very fine sandy loam. Pendimethalin was present in concentrations of 38, 39, and 37 ppb in the sandy clay loam at 2 wk after treatment in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and the 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively. Pendimethalin was also detected in the very fine sandy loam at 2 wk after treatment at concentrations of 55, 69, and 36 ppb in the 0- to 2.5-, 2.5- to 5-, and 5- to 7.5-cm soil layers, respectively.

An In-Situ Rainwater Collection and Infiltration System to Improve Plant-Available Water and Fine Root Growth for Drought Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 807-814
Author(s):  
Xiaolin Song ◽  
Xiaodong Gao ◽  
Paul Reese Weckler ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jie Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
List Type ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water

HighlightsAn in-situ rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) method is a rainwater catchment utilization techniqueRWCI is advantageous for increasing sustainable plant-avaibale water to increase drought resistanceRWCI significantly increased the amount of water and nutrients in the rhizosphere for uptake by apple tree rootsABSTRACT. A two-year field experiment was undertaken to determine the spatial distribution of plant-available water and roots in soil profiles under two rainfall control systems—an in-situ rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) method and a semi-circular basin (SCB)—in apple orchards in the Loess Plateau of China. The results showed that the RWCI treatments with a soil depth of 40 cm (RWCI40), 60 cm (RWCI60), and 80 cm (RWCI80) significantly increased plant-available water in different seasons and depths and increased root growth of apple trees in the experimental soil profile (0–200 cm). At 0–200 cm soil depth, then RWCI treatments had significantly higher (91.86%-110.01%) mean plant-available water storage (PAWS) than the SCB treatment in both study years (2015 and 2016). From 0–120 cm soil depth, the RWCI60 treatment had significantly higher growing season mean PAWS than RWCI40 and RWCI80; however, RWCI80 had the highest from 120–200 cm. From 0–60 cm, the RWCI treatments had 25.84%-36.86% a smaller proportion of root system than the SCB treatment. However, from 60–120 cm, the proportion of root system increased by 131.53% (RWCI40), 157.95% (RWCI60) and 129.98% (RWCI80), relative to SCB. From 0–200 cm, the RWCI treatments had 1.49–1.94 times more root dry weight density than the SCB treatment. The highest concentration of fine roots occurred in the RWCI treatments. Thus, RWCI enabled roots to absorb more water and nutrients from a wider wetted area and improved drought resistance. Keywords: Drought resistance, Fine roots, Loess Plateau, Plant-available water, Spatial distribution.

Effect of Tillage and Application Method on Corn (Zea mays) Response to Imidazolinone Residues in Soil

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Renner ◽  
Oliver Schabenberger ◽  
James J. Kells
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Tillage System ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Field studies on a sandy loam soil determined the influence of application method and rate and subsequent tillage on corn response to imazaquin and imazethapyr residues remaining in the soil. Imazaquin was applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and preemergence (PRE) at 70, 140, and 280 g ai/ha and postemergence (POST) at 70 and 140 g/ha. Imazethapyr was applied PPI and PRE at 70, 105, and 140 g ai/ha and POST at 70 and 105 g/ha. Subsequent tillage included fall moldboard plowing followed by spring field cultivation, fall chisel plowing followed by spring field cultivation, and no tillage. Herbicide dissipation was determined by analyzing soil cores taken in the spring at the time of corn planting and by measuring corn height and grain yield. Imidazolinone residues were detected in only 1 of 2 yr. Imazaquin was detected more frequently than imazethapyr. Imazaquin concentrations in the upper 10 cm of soil 11 mo after a PPI application of 280 g/ha were 5, 6, and 7 ng/g of soil in moldboard plow, chisel, and no-tillage systems, respectively. Imazaquin (5 ng/g) was also detected in the 10–18-cm soil depth in the moldboard plow system. Corn height and grain yield were not reduced from imazaquin or imazethapyr, regardless of application method or rate in any tillage system.

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