An In-Situ Rainwater Collection and Infiltration System to Improve Plant-Available Water and Fine Root Growth for Drought Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 807-814
Author(s):  
Xiaolin Song ◽  
Xiaodong Gao ◽  
Paul Reese Weckler ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jie Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Drought Resistance ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
List Type ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Plant Available Water

HighlightsAn in-situ rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) method is a rainwater catchment utilization techniqueRWCI is advantageous for increasing sustainable plant-avaibale water to increase drought resistanceRWCI significantly increased the amount of water and nutrients in the rhizosphere for uptake by apple tree rootsABSTRACT. A two-year field experiment was undertaken to determine the spatial distribution of plant-available water and roots in soil profiles under two rainfall control systems—an in-situ rainwater collection and infiltration (RWCI) method and a semi-circular basin (SCB)—in apple orchards in the Loess Plateau of China. The results showed that the RWCI treatments with a soil depth of 40 cm (RWCI40), 60 cm (RWCI60), and 80 cm (RWCI80) significantly increased plant-available water in different seasons and depths and increased root growth of apple trees in the experimental soil profile (0–200 cm). At 0–200 cm soil depth, then RWCI treatments had significantly higher (91.86%-110.01%) mean plant-available water storage (PAWS) than the SCB treatment in both study years (2015 and 2016). From 0–120 cm soil depth, the RWCI60 treatment had significantly higher growing season mean PAWS than RWCI40 and RWCI80; however, RWCI80 had the highest from 120–200 cm. From 0–60 cm, the RWCI treatments had 25.84%-36.86% a smaller proportion of root system than the SCB treatment. However, from 60–120 cm, the proportion of root system increased by 131.53% (RWCI40), 157.95% (RWCI60) and 129.98% (RWCI80), relative to SCB. From 0–200 cm, the RWCI treatments had 1.49–1.94 times more root dry weight density than the SCB treatment. The highest concentration of fine roots occurred in the RWCI treatments. Thus, RWCI enabled roots to absorb more water and nutrients from a wider wetted area and improved drought resistance. Keywords: Drought resistance, Fine roots, Loess Plateau, Plant-available water, Spatial distribution.

scholarly journals Relationship between Very Fine Root Distribution and Soil Water Content in Pre- and Post-Harvest Areas of Two Coniferous Tree Species

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1227
Author(s):  
Moein Farahnak ◽  
Keiji Mitsuyasu ◽  
Takuo Hishi ◽  
Ayumi Katayama ◽  
Masaaki Chiwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Root System ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Tree Cutting ◽  
Coniferous Tree Species

Tree root system development alters forest soil properties, and differences in root diameter frequency and root length per soil volume reflect differences in root system function. In this study, the relationship between vertical distribution of very fine root and soil water content was investigated in intact tree and cut tree areas. The vertical distribution of root density with different diameter classes (very fine <0.5 mm and fine 0.5–2.0 mm) and soil water content were examined along a slope with two coniferous tree species, Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don and Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold et Zucc.) Endl. The root biomass and length density of very fine roots at soil depth of 0–5 cm were higher in the Ch. obtusa intact tree plot than in the Cr. japonica intact plot. Tree cutting caused a reduction in the biomass and length of very fine roots at 0–5 cm soil depth, and an increment in soil water content at 5–30 cm soil depth of the Ch. obtusa cut tree plot one year after cutting. However, very fine root density of the Cr. japonica intact tree plot was quite low and the soil water content in post-harvest areas did not change. The increase in soil water content at 5–30 cm soil depth of the Ch. obtusa cut tree plot could be caused by the decrease in very fine roots at 0–5 cm soil depth. These results suggest that the distribution of soil water content was changed after tree cutting of Ch. obtusa by the channels generated by the decay of very fine roots. It was also shown that differences in root system characteristics among different tree species affect soil water properties after cutting.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis, biomass and fine root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean agroforestry system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Pengxiang Gao ◽  
Shuoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract Background:Agroforestry system is regarded as a promising practice in sustainable agricultural management. However, the effects of long-term tree-based intercropping on crop remain poorly understood, especially in the Loess Plateau (China). In this study, the impacts of photosynthetic and respiration rate were determined by the portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400), and the effects of the root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean intercropping system were measured by soil auger and WinRHIZO root analysis system, in the Loess Plateau. Results:The results showed that soybean reached the highest net photosynthetic rate during flowering period, with the net photosynthetic rate of intercropped soybean, which was 20.40µmol·m-2·s-1, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. Soybean biomass reached the maximum during the pod-bearing period, with intercropped soybean biomass being 25.49g, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. The mean diameter and increased density of soybean fine roots reduced along with increased soil depth. Both the diameter (0.43mm) and increased density (930cm/dm3) of intercropped soybean fine roots were evidently higher than those of monocropped soybean(0.35mm, 780cm/dm3). With increasing cropping years, fine roots of intercropped soybean tended to be mainly distributed in soil at a depth between 0 and 20cm from the fifth year. Conclusion:Collectively, compared with soybean monoculture, walnut soybean agroforestry system is more conducive to soybean growth in the Loess Plateau.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis, biomass and fine root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean agroforestry system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Pengxiang Gao ◽  
Shuoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract Abstract Background: Agroforestry system is regarded as a promising practice in sustainable agricultural management. However, the effects of long-term tree-based intercropping on crop remain poorly understood, especially in the Loess Plateau. In this study, the impacts of photosynthetic and respiration rate were determined by the portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400), and the effects of the root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean intercropping system were measured by soil auger and WinRHIZO root analysis system, in the Loess Plateau. Results: The results showed that soybean reached the highest net photosynthetic rate during flowering period, with the net photosynthetic rate of intercropped soybean, which was 20.40µmol·m-2·s-1, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. Soybean biomass reached the maximum during the pod-bearing period, with intercropped soybean biomass being 25.49g, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. The mean diameter and increased density of soybean fine roots reduced along with increased soil depth. Both the diameter (0.43mm) and increased density (930cm/dm3) of intercropped soybean fine roots were evidently higher than those of monocropped soybean(0.35mm, 780cm/dm3). With increasing cropping years, fine roots of intercropped soybean tended to be mainly distributed in soil at a depth between 0 and 20cm from the fifth year. Conclusion: Collectively, compared with soybean monoculture, walnut soybean agroforestry system is more conducive to soybean growth in the Loess Plateau.

Nitrogen stress alters root proliferation in Douglas-fir seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 1524-1529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Friend ◽  
Marvin R. Eide ◽  
Thomas M. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root System ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Stress ◽  
Root Proliferation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Proliferation Response

The proliferation of roots in soil microenvironments was studied to gain an understanding of how nitrogen (N) stress affects root growth. By placing one major lateral root (<10% of the root system) of a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedling into a small pot (microenvironment) and the remaining roots into a large pot, it was possible to manipulate the growth of a small part of the root system while having only minor effects on the growth of the entire seedling. Nitrogen stress was successfully induced by large-pot treatments and resulted in greatly decreased foliage growth and slightly decreased total fine (<2 mm diam.) root growth. Nitrogen stress had minimal effects on total fine root growth, but large effects on the distribution of growth within the root system. Fine roots grew preferentially in high compared with low N microenvironments, and root proliferation in high N microenvironments was enhanced twofold in N-stressed compared with nonstressed seedlings. The root proliferation response of Douglas-fir seedlings to N stress illustrates a potential means of N-stress compensation. It also implies that root distribution among soil microenvironments may depend not only upon chemical activity of nutrient ions in the rooting environment, but also upon nutrient stress in the whole plant.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis, biomass and fine root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean agroforestry system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Pengxiang Gao ◽  
Shuoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract Background:Agroforestry system is regarded as a promising practice in sustainable agricultural management. However, the effects of long-term tree-based intercropping on crop remain poorly understood, especially in the Loess Plateau. In this study, the impacts of photosynthetic and respiration rate were determined by the portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400), and the effects of the root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean intercropping system were measured by soil auger and WinRHIZO root analysis system, in the Loess Plateau. Results:The results showed that soybean reached the highest net photosynthetic rate during flowering period, with the net photosynthetic rate of intercropped soybean, which was 20.40µmol·m-2·s-1, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. Soybean biomass reached the maximum during the pod-bearing period, with intercropped soybean biomass being 25.49g, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. The mean diameter and increased density of soybean fine roots reduced along with increased soil depth. Both the diameter (0.43mm) and increased density (930cm/dm3) of intercropped soybean fine roots were evidently higher than those of monocropped soybean(0.35mm, 780cm/dm3). With increasing cropping years, fine roots of intercropped soybean tended to be mainly distributed in soil at a depth between 0 and 20cm from the fifth year. Conclusion:Collectively, compared with soybean monoculture, walnut soybean agroforestry system is more conducive to soybean growth in the Loess Plateau.

The study on photosynthesis, biomass and fine root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean agroforestry system

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Pengxiang Gao ◽  
Shuoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Soybean in the walnut-soybean agroforestry system in the Loess Plateau of China was focused in this research. The effects of walnut soybean intercropping on soybean growth in the Loess Plateau were determined by measuring the biomass, photosynthetic rate and root growth dynamics of soybean, so as to provide a basis for rational agroforestry models in the Loess Plateau. The results show that soybean reached the highest net photosynthetic rate during flowering period, with the net photosynthetic rate of intercropped soybean, which was 20.4000µmol·m-2·s-1, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. Soybean biomass reached the maximum during the pod-bearing period, with intercropped soybean biomass being 25.4879g, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. The mean diameter and increased density of soybean fine roots reduced along with increased soil depth. In particular, both the diameter (0.43mm) and increased density (930cm/dm3) of intercropped soybean fine roots were evidently higher than those of monocropped soybean(0.35mm, 780cm/dm3) , but the result was opposite in 40-60cm soil depth; with increasing cropping years, fine roots of intercropped soybean tended to be mainly distributed in soil at a depth between 0 and 20cm from the fifth year. Compared with soybean monoculture, walnut soybean agroforestry system is more conducive to soybean growth in the Loess Plateau.

Vertical distribution and radial growth of coarse roots in pure and mixed stands of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Schmid ◽  
Marian Kazda
Keyword(s):  
Picea Abies ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Root System ◽  
Fagus Sylvatica ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Mixed Stand ◽  
Pure Stand ◽  
Mixed Stands

The vertical distribution of roots greater than 2 mm diameter was determined from digital images covering 116-m2 profile walls in soil pits in pure stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and in a mixed stand of both species. Radial root growth was assessed for roots greater than 5 mm diameter by growth ring analysis. Beech roots showed maximum density at the 10- to 20-cm depth, whereas the density of spruce roots decreased exponentially with increasing soil depth. Roots of both species reached the maximum excavation depth (1 m) in their monospecific stands. However, the root system of spruce was shallower in the mixture with beech, where large roots (diameter (d) >20 mm) were limited to the upper 10 cm. Beech roots reached the same rooting depth as in the pure stand but showed higher root densities in deeper soil layers. Neither root diameter nor root growth of any species was correlated with soil depth. Radial root growth of beech exceeded that of spruce significantly in both pure and mixed stands. Radial growth rate of beech roots further increased when mixed with spruce. The enhancement of beech root growth in the mixed stand suggests a higher belowground competitive ability of beech compared with spruce; as a result the spruce root system developed even shallower in the mixed versus in the pure stand.

scholarly journals Determining Plant-available Water of Woody Ornamentals in Containers In Situ During Production

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1700-1704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Woody Ornamentals ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Small Root ◽  
Nursery Production ◽  
Hydraulic Gradients ◽  
Plant Available Water ◽  
Marketable Size ◽  
Precision Irrigation

In nursery production, small root balls are transplanted into larger containers and grown for sale or further transplanting into still larger containers. When a root ball is smaller than a container, the amount of plant-available water (PAW) is initially limited to that of the original root ball. With growth, roots colonize new substrate and thereby increase the volume of water available to a shoot. Because of hydraulic gradients in container substrates, PAW is not linearly proportional to the volume of substrate occupied by roots. To practice precision irrigation in nursery production, it is important to know the extent of PAW and how it changes with growth. A method is detailed that calculates in situ PAW in containers based on changes in actual evapotranspiration while irrigation is withheld. The method is applied under field conditions and requires only daily mass loss measurements and corresponding reference evapotranspiration. An example of how PAW changes during production from rooted cuttings to marketable size plants is provided.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis, biomass and fine root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean agroforestry system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Pengxiang Gao ◽  
Shuoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract Background:Agroforestry system is regarded as a promising practice in sustainable agricultural management. However, the effects of long-term tree-based intercropping on crop remain poorly understood, especially in the Loess Plateau. In this study, the impacts of photosynthetic and respiration rate were determined by the portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400), and the effects of the root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean intercropping system were measured by soil auger and WinRHIZO root analysis system, in the Loess Plateau. Results:The results showed that soybean reached the highest net photosynthetic rate during flowering period, with the net photosynthetic rate of intercropped soybean, which was 20.40µmol·m-2·s-1, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. Soybean biomass reached the maximum during the pod-bearing period, with intercropped soybean biomass being 25.49g, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. The mean diameter and increased density of soybean fine roots reduced along with increased soil depth. Both the diameter (0.43mm) and increased density (930cm/dm3) of intercropped soybean fine roots were evidently higher than those of monocropped soybean(0.35mm, 780cm/dm3). With increasing cropping years, fine roots of intercropped soybean tended to be mainly distributed in soil at a depth between 0 and 20cm from the fifth year. Conclusion:Collectively, compared with soybean monoculture, walnut soybean agroforestry system is more conducive to soybean growth in the Loess Plateau.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis, biomass and fine root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean agroforestry system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Liu ◽  
Pengxiang Gao ◽  
Shuoxin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Net Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Analysis System

Abstract Background:Agroforestry system is regarded as a promising practice in sustainable agricultural management. However, the effects of long-term tree-based intercropping on crop remain poorly understood, especially in the Loess Plateau. In this study, the impacts of photosynthetic and respiration rate were determined by the portable photosynthesis system (Li-6400), and the effects of the root growth dynamics of soybean in walnut-soybean intercropping system were measured by soil auger and WinRHIZO root analysis system, in the Loess Plateau. Results:The results showed that soybean reached the highest net photosynthetic rate during flowering period, with the net photosynthetic rate of intercropped soybean, which was 20.40µmol·m-2·s-1, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. Soybean biomass reached the maximum during the pod-bearing period, with intercropped soybean biomass being 25.49g, significantly higher than that of its monocropped counterpart. The mean diameter and increased density of soybean fine roots reduced along with increased soil depth. Both the diameter (0.43mm) and increased density (930cm/dm3) of intercropped soybean fine roots were evidently higher than those of monocropped soybean(0.35mm, 780cm/dm3). With increasing cropping years, fine roots of intercropped soybean tended to be mainly distributed in soil at a depth between 0 and 20cm from the fifth year. Conclusion:Collectively, compared with soybean monoculture, walnut soybean agroforestry system is more conducive to soybean growth in the Loess Plateau.

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