scholarly journals Tree Wound Responses Following Systemic Insecticide Trunk Injection Treatments in Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) as Determined by Destructive Autopsy

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
David Smitley ◽  
Terrance Davis ◽  
John Aiken ◽  
Peter Wild
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Wound Responses ◽  
Trunk Injection

Trunk injection of systemic insecticides or fungicides is an effective way to manage destructive insects or diseases of trees, but many arborists are still reluctant to inject trees because of the potential for infection by pathogens, structural damage, or adverse effects on tree health. The authors of the following study examined wound responses of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) for two years following trunk injection, by sectioning tree trunks to look for evidence of infection associated with injection sites, and by collecting data on annual radial growth and rate of closure around injection sites. All healthy trees successfully compartmentalized injection wounds without any signs of infection, decay, or structural damage. Wound closure was positively correlated with the tree health as measured by annual radial growth.

scholarly journals Multiple-year Protection of Ash Trees from Emerald Ash Borer with a Single Trunk Injection of Emamectin Benzoate, and Single-year Protection with an Imidacloprid Basal Drench

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 206-211
Author(s):  
David Smitley ◽  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
David Cox
Keyword(s):  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Emamectin Benzoate ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Injection Treatment ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Trunk Injection

Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) street trees ranging in size from 25 to 45 cm dbh were trunk injected with emamectin benzoate at rates of 0.10–0.60 g ai/2.54 cm dbh at three Michigan, U.S., locations in 2005 or 2006. Tree health was monitored by annual canopy thinning and dieback ratings for up to four years after a single treatment. Branch samples were collected in the autumn and the bark removed to count emerald ash borer larvae for most treatments over the same period of time. A single trunk injection treatment of emamectin benzoate at the 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 g ai rate gave 100% control of emerald ash borer larvae in 98 of 99 treated trees for 2–3 years. Canopy ratings for treated trees remained similar for 2–4 years following trunk injection, while >50% of the control trees died during the same period of time. Ash trees that received a combination of an imidacloprid trunk injection and an imidacloprid basal drench or an annual imidacloprid basal drench had similar canopy ratings, but more larvae were found in branches from trees receiving the annual basal drench.

scholarly journals Imidacloprid Concentrations in Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) Following Treatments with Two Trunk-Injection Methods

2006 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-129
Author(s):  
Mark Harrell
Keyword(s):  
Untreated Control ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Cambial Zone ◽  
Injection Methods ◽  
Trunk Injection ◽  
And Control

Two imidacloprid trunk-injection products (Pointer TMand Imicide®) were applied to green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) in May and July to compare the concentrations of imidacloprid in sap and leaf and trunk tissues after the injections. Sap samples were extracted from shoots 0, 3, 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment and analyzed for imidacloprid. Dry leaf samples were analyzed for imidacloprid at 30 and 90 days after treatment. Combined xylem and cambial zone samples were analyzed for imidacloprid at 90 days after treatment at 0.5 m (1.65 ft) and 1.0 m (3.3 ft) above the injection sites. Sap imidacloprid concentrations in trees treated in May with Pointer were significantly higher than the untreated control at 7 days after treatment (P < 0.05) but were not significantly different from the control on other days or different from Imicide on any day. Sap imidacloprid levels in trees treated in July with Pointer were significantly higher than the control at 30 days after treatment but were not significantly different from Imicide. Dry leaf imidacloprid levels in trees treated with Pointer were significantly higher than the Imicide and control treatments at 30 and 90 days after treatment. Xylem and cambial zone imidacloprid levels in trees treated with Pointer were significant higher than the Imicide and control treatments at 90 days after treatment at 1.0 m (3.3 ft) above the injection sites but were not significantly higher at 0.5 m (1.65 ft). No imidacloprid levels from Imicide were significantly different from those in the untreated control trees.

scholarly journals Below-Grade Planting Adversely Affects Survival and Growth of Tree Species from Five Different Families

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Garry McDonald ◽  
Donita Bryan ◽  
Geoffrey Denny ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Agnus Castus ◽  
Structural Roots ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Root Collar

Adverse impacts of planting the root collar or main structural roots below grade on survival and growth were demonstrated for five species of container-grown trees from genetically diverse families. Adverse effects were demonstrated when root collars were located as little as 7.6 cm (3 in) below grade on all taxa tested, but severity of the responses varied among taxa. These responses were confirmed for both seed-propagated species, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash, family Oleaceae Hoffmansegg & Link) and Platanus occidentalis L. (sycamore, family Platanaceae Dumort.) as well as cutting-propagated taxa, Lagerstroemia indica L. × Lagerstroemia fauriei Koehne. ‘Basham’s Party Pink’ (crapemyrtle, family Lythraceae St.-Hilaire), Nerium oleander L. ‘Cranberry Cooler’ (oleander, family Apocynaceae Juss.), and Vitex agnus-castus L. ‘LeCompte’ (vitex, family Verbenaceae St.-Hilaire). In some cases, planting above grade by 7.6 cm (3 in) improved growth of plants over that of those planted either at or below grade. This effect was pronounced with sycamore and oleander.

scholarly journals Desiccation Tolerance of Green Ash and Sugar Maple Fine Roots

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Exposed fine roots are subject to desiccation, which may affect their survival as well as new root growth following bare root transplanting. Fine roots of dormant 1-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, subjected to desiccation treatments of 0, 1, 2, or 3 hours in December and March, lost up to 82 percent of their water. Root electrolyte leakage, a measure of cell damage, tripled after three hours of desiccation. The increase was moderately, but significantly, greater in March for both species. Desiccation treatments had no effect on fine root survival. Growth of new roots (RGP) was also unaffected by desiccation treatments. RGP of maple was greater in March than December, but not ash.

Tolerance of Planed Hardwoods to Spring Flooding

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Nyssa Aquatica ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Water Tupelo ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract Cuttings of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and seedlings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were planted on a slackwater clay (Vertic Haplaquept) in western Mississippi in two consecutive years and inundated soon after foliation. During each of the two years, survival following flooding was consistently high for water tupelo, green ash, and sycamore, low for cottonwood, and intermediate for sweetgum. With the exception of green ash, however, all species lost their leaves and died back to the root collar during flooding. Thus trees, other than ash, that were living at the end of the growing season had originated from root collar sprouts.

Sex Differences in Green Ash

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-174
Author(s):  
John T. Talbert ◽  
Robert D. Heeren
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sufficient Variation ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Male Superiority

Abstract A disproportionately large number of first-generation selections from natural stands of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) have been male. A study was undertaken to determine if male and female green ash differed in several important economic characteristics. Only straightness differences could be shown to be statistically significant, and, even for this trait, several opinions were needed to detect male superiority. Sufficient variation should exist in natural stands to allow inclusion of superior individuals of both sexes in a tree-improvement program.

Assessment of sugar maple health based on basal area growth pattern

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 2074-2080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Duchesne ◽  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Claude Morneau
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Health Decline ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Natural Range

The first tree health decline symptoms usually observed are foliar deficiency symptoms, foliage loss, and dieback. To improve the subjective nature and unspecificity of these assessments, we examined sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) radial growth and health to develop an indicator of sugar maple tree health status based on radial growth pattern. We used the basal area increment (BAI) of 328 tree-ring collections from 16 sites located in southern Quebec, throughout the sugarbush natural range, that were categorized by defoliation class. BAI of trees with decline symptoms was significantly lower than that of healthy trees in 9 of the 16 stands. BAI trends since 1955 showed an inverse relationship with tree decline class measured in 1989, irrespective of tree age. The results indicate that declining trees in these stands have not recovered based on BAI. They also suggest that the decrease in slope of BAI predated the observed symptoms of sugar maple decline by at least one decade. Results suggest that sugar maple vigor and health can be assessed by measuring tree's BAI trend, an indicator that may be useful for the diagnosis of sugar maple health and status years before the appearance of visible canopy symptoms.

Heteroblastic seedlings of green ash. I. Predictability of leaf form and primordial length

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2645-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Leaf Form ◽  
Compound Leaf ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Plastochron Index

Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima) seedlings are heteroblastic; during development they produce two types of leaves, simple and compound. When grown under controlled conditions, the sequence of leaf types is predictable. Simple leaves are always at the first four nodes; compound leaves are always at node 8 and above. Nodes 5 through 7 have progressively fewer simple leaves and more compound leaves. Leaf growth on seedlings meets the preconditions of the plastochron index and leaf plastochron index. These indices, as well as the length of single expanding leaves, can be used to predict lengths of leaf primordia at nodes 4 and 8 so that early, simple and compound leaf development can be compared in further studies of green ash.

Shoot ontogeny in Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash). II. Development of the inflorescence

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1966-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Female Inflorescence ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Floral Apex

From initiation to fruit set, which occurs over three growing seasons, eight stages are recognized in the development of axillary inflorescences in the dioecious species Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern, (green ash). In the first season, buds are initiated in the axils of foliage leaves. As the shoots expand in the following spring, the buds complete their development. Although similar at first, differences begin to emerge between vegetative and inflorescence buds in that the latter produce robust second-order meristems, the incipient paracladia, protruding close to the original apex. After about 3–4 weeks, when the initiation of such buds is complete, the terminal and subtending lateral meristems present on each axis develop into a three-membered cluster of floral buds. There was a mean of 214.3 ± 12.2 floral buds initiated per female inflorescence, and the number generally increased with the length of the associated shoot. A ridge, the incipient perianth, begins to form around the periphery of each rounded floral apex. Male and female floral buds are not distinguishable at this stage, but the inflorescence buds are distinctly different from vegetative buds. The male and female buds then diverge in their development in that an identation forms at the summit of the incipient gynoecium and male buds initiate two or three anthers. By autumn, the gynoecium is distinctly conical, with an orifice at its summit, and the anthers are lobed. There is lobing of the perianth ridge, but in the mature flower distinct organs traceable to such lobes could not readily be identified.

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