scholarly journals Below-Grade Planting Adversely Affects Survival and Growth of Tree Species from Five Different Families

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Garry McDonald ◽  
Donita Bryan ◽  
Geoffrey Denny ◽  
W. Todd Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Adverse Impacts ◽  
Agnus Castus ◽  
Structural Roots ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Root Collar

Adverse impacts of planting the root collar or main structural roots below grade on survival and growth were demonstrated for five species of container-grown trees from genetically diverse families. Adverse effects were demonstrated when root collars were located as little as 7.6 cm (3 in) below grade on all taxa tested, but severity of the responses varied among taxa. These responses were confirmed for both seed-propagated species, Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash, family Oleaceae Hoffmansegg & Link) and Platanus occidentalis L. (sycamore, family Platanaceae Dumort.) as well as cutting-propagated taxa, Lagerstroemia indica L. × Lagerstroemia fauriei Koehne. ‘Basham’s Party Pink’ (crapemyrtle, family Lythraceae St.-Hilaire), Nerium oleander L. ‘Cranberry Cooler’ (oleander, family Apocynaceae Juss.), and Vitex agnus-castus L. ‘LeCompte’ (vitex, family Verbenaceae St.-Hilaire). In some cases, planting above grade by 7.6 cm (3 in) improved growth of plants over that of those planted either at or below grade. This effect was pronounced with sycamore and oleander.

Tolerance of Planed Hardwoods to Spring Flooding

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
James B. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Liquidambar Styraciflua ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Nyssa Aquatica ◽  
Eastern Cottonwood ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Water Tupelo ◽  
Root Collar

Abstract Cuttings of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and seedlings of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were planted on a slackwater clay (Vertic Haplaquept) in western Mississippi in two consecutive years and inundated soon after foliation. During each of the two years, survival following flooding was consistently high for water tupelo, green ash, and sycamore, low for cottonwood, and intermediate for sweetgum. With the exception of green ash, however, all species lost their leaves and died back to the root collar during flooding. Thus trees, other than ash, that were living at the end of the growing season had originated from root collar sprouts.

scholarly journals Tree Wound Responses Following Systemic Insecticide Trunk Injection Treatments in Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) as Determined by Destructive Autopsy

2011 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
Joseph Doccola ◽  
David Smitley ◽  
Terrance Davis ◽  
John Aiken ◽  
Peter Wild
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
Tree Health ◽  
Wound Responses ◽  
Trunk Injection

Trunk injection of systemic insecticides or fungicides is an effective way to manage destructive insects or diseases of trees, but many arborists are still reluctant to inject trees because of the potential for infection by pathogens, structural damage, or adverse effects on tree health. The authors of the following study examined wound responses of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) for two years following trunk injection, by sectioning tree trunks to look for evidence of infection associated with injection sites, and by collecting data on annual radial growth and rate of closure around injection sites. All healthy trees successfully compartmentalized injection wounds without any signs of infection, decay, or structural damage. Wound closure was positively correlated with the tree health as measured by annual radial growth.

scholarly journals Growth of Three Hardwood Species Through 18 Years on a Former Agricultural Bottomland

2000 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren D. Devine ◽  
Allan E. Houston ◽  
Donald D. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Hardwood Species ◽  
Soil Surveys

Abstract The effects of seed source, fertilization, disking, and mowing on the growth of sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) were examined 18 yr after planting to determine the best system for afforestation of a previously farmed bottomland site in southwest Tennessee. Natural regeneration on the site as well as variations in soil bulk density and soil series were analyzed. Overall survival was significantly higher for sweetgum (93%) and green ash (95%) than for sycamore (88%). Height growth of sweetgum was significantly greater than that of sycamore, which was significantly greater than that of green ash. Sycamore and sweetgum of Virginia Coastal Plain origin did not differ from those of Louisiana Gulf Coast origin in growth or survival. Height and dbh of all three species were significantly increased by fertilization only on plots that were not also disked or mowed. Disking and mowing significantly increased the growth of unfertilized trees more than that of fertilized trees. Natural regeneration resulted in dense stands (3,445 trees/ac) dominated by sweetgum. The combination of fertilization and mowing significantly increased soil bulk density. Soils on the study site were more variable than previous county soil surveys indicated. South. J. Appl. For. 24(3):159-165.

Reforestation of Drained Beaver Impoundments

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
Allan E. Houston ◽  
Edward R. Buckner ◽  
John C. Rennie
Keyword(s):  
Castor Canadensis ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Black Willow ◽  
Platanus Occidentalis ◽  
Quercus Michauxii ◽  
Containerized Seedlings ◽  
Swamp White Oak ◽  
Growth Of Seedlings

Abstract Performance of 1-0 bareroot green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L), and baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L., Rich.) planted on drained beaver (Castor canadensis) impoundments in southwest Tennessee was promising at the end of three growing season.First-year survival was significantly increased in plots where swamp cut grass (Leersia oryzoides) was controlled; however, effective grass control opened the site to aggressive invasion by broadleaf herbaceous vegetation. No treatment effect was noted for survival or growth of seedlings by the end of the third year. Containerized seedlings of swamp white oak (Quercus michauxii Nutt.) and willow oak (Quercus phellos L) failed due to poorly developed planting stock. Natural regeneration 3 years after drainage was poor, averaging 333 boxelder (Acer negundo L.), 42 black willow(Salix nigra Marsh), and 21 cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodaefolia Ell.) stems/ac. Continued beaver control was necessary to prevent recolonization of plantation sites. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):151-155.

scholarly journals Desiccation Tolerance of Green Ash and Sugar Maple Fine Roots

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Root Electrolyte Leakage ◽  
Bare Root

Abstract Exposed fine roots are subject to desiccation, which may affect their survival as well as new root growth following bare root transplanting. Fine roots of dormant 1-year-old green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) seedlings, subjected to desiccation treatments of 0, 1, 2, or 3 hours in December and March, lost up to 82 percent of their water. Root electrolyte leakage, a measure of cell damage, tripled after three hours of desiccation. The increase was moderately, but significantly, greater in March for both species. Desiccation treatments had no effect on fine root survival. Growth of new roots (RGP) was also unaffected by desiccation treatments. RGP of maple was greater in March than December, but not ash.

Sex Differences in Green Ash

1979 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-174
Author(s):  
John T. Talbert ◽  
Robert D. Heeren
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sufficient Variation ◽  
Natural Stands ◽  
Male Superiority

Abstract A disproportionately large number of first-generation selections from natural stands of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) have been male. A study was undertaken to determine if male and female green ash differed in several important economic characteristics. Only straightness differences could be shown to be statistically significant, and, even for this trait, several opinions were needed to detect male superiority. Sufficient variation should exist in natural stands to allow inclusion of superior individuals of both sexes in a tree-improvement program.

Heteroblastic seedlings of green ash. I. Predictability of leaf form and primordial length

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (11) ◽  
pp. 2645-2649 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. K. Merrill
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Development ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Leaf Form ◽  
Compound Leaf ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Plastochron Index

Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima) seedlings are heteroblastic; during development they produce two types of leaves, simple and compound. When grown under controlled conditions, the sequence of leaf types is predictable. Simple leaves are always at the first four nodes; compound leaves are always at node 8 and above. Nodes 5 through 7 have progressively fewer simple leaves and more compound leaves. Leaf growth on seedlings meets the preconditions of the plastochron index and leaf plastochron index. These indices, as well as the length of single expanding leaves, can be used to predict lengths of leaf primordia at nodes 4 and 8 so that early, simple and compound leaf development can be compared in further studies of green ash.

Shoot ontogeny in Fraxinus pennsylvanica (green ash). II. Development of the inflorescence

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1966-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Remphrey
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Dioecious Species ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Floral Buds ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Female Inflorescence ◽  
Mature Flower ◽  
Floral Apex

From initiation to fruit set, which occurs over three growing seasons, eight stages are recognized in the development of axillary inflorescences in the dioecious species Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern, (green ash). In the first season, buds are initiated in the axils of foliage leaves. As the shoots expand in the following spring, the buds complete their development. Although similar at first, differences begin to emerge between vegetative and inflorescence buds in that the latter produce robust second-order meristems, the incipient paracladia, protruding close to the original apex. After about 3–4 weeks, when the initiation of such buds is complete, the terminal and subtending lateral meristems present on each axis develop into a three-membered cluster of floral buds. There was a mean of 214.3 ± 12.2 floral buds initiated per female inflorescence, and the number generally increased with the length of the associated shoot. A ridge, the incipient perianth, begins to form around the periphery of each rounded floral apex. Male and female floral buds are not distinguishable at this stage, but the inflorescence buds are distinctly different from vegetative buds. The male and female buds then diverge in their development in that an identation forms at the summit of the incipient gynoecium and male buds initiate two or three anthers. By autumn, the gynoecium is distinctly conical, with an orifice at its summit, and the anthers are lobed. There is lobing of the perianth ridge, but in the mature flower distinct organs traceable to such lobes could not readily be identified.

An analysis of architectural parameters of male and female Fraxinus pennsylvanica in relation to crown shape and crown location

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 2035-2043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Campbell G. Davidson ◽  
William R. Remphrey
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Crown Shape ◽  
Sampling Height ◽  
Shape Class ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Oval Shape

Architectural variables from male and female green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. subintergerrima (Vahl) Fern.) comprising three different crown-shape classes were analyzed at four different crown levels to determine which variables influenced crown shape. The narrow conical shape class had the largest mid shoot diameters and the smallest shoot tip abortion frequencies. The broad to round shape class had greater abortion frequency overall. In addition, there was less difference in shoot length between the top and bottom of the crown. The more oval shape class was intermediate for both shoot diameters and abortion frequency. Parent and daughter shoot lengths were longer, midshoot diameters larger, and elevation angles greater with increasing sampling height in the tree. Male trees had shorter shoot lengths and shorter and fewer daughter lateral shoots than female trees. Principal component analysis was used to identify shoot lengths, elevation angles, and abortion frequencies as potentially key variables in understanding crown shape in green ash. Interrelationships of many of the architectural variables suggest that a significant change in one may lead to changes in others, which ultimately would lead to changes in overall crown shape.

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