scholarly journals Dispersal of Emerald Ash Borer within an Intensively Managed Quarantine Zone

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-163
Author(s):  
Chris Sargent ◽  
Michael Raupp ◽  
Dick Bean ◽  
Alan Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Annual Rate ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
Intensively Managed

Emerald ash borer (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis) is one of the most destructive insect pests of urban trees in the United States. The objective of the current study was to determine the rate of spread of EAB in a quarantine zone where aggressive intervention tactics such as tree destruction occurred. Historical records were examined from the Maryland Department of Agriculture for the years 2003, 2006, 2007, and 2008, to determine the rate of spread of EAB in Maryland, U.S., within the quarantine zone. Despite attempts at eradication and public education, EAB persisted, and the leading edge of beetles moved away from the central infestation point at an average annual rate of 1 km per year and a maximum annual rate of 1.37 km per year between 2003 and 2008. This paper discusses the relative merits and limitations of this quarantine and eradication program and makes suggestions for future management of EAB.

scholarly journals Urban tree deaths from invasive alien forest insects in the United States, 2020-2050

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma J. Hudgins ◽  
Frank H. Koch ◽  
Mark J. Ambrose ◽  
Brian Leung
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Urban Centers ◽  
Mortality Risks

With 70% of the global population in urban centers, the 'greening' of cities is central to future urban wellbeing and livability. Urban trees can be nature-based solutions for mental and physical health, climate control, flood prevention and carbon sequestration. These ecosystem services may be severely curtailed by insect pests, which pose high mortality risks to trees in urban centers. Until now, the magnitudes and spatial distributions of mortality risks were unknown. Here, we combine new models of street tree populations in ~30,000 United States (US) communities, species-specific spread predictions for 57 invasive insect species, and estimates of tree death due to insect exposure for 48 host tree genera. We estimate that an additional 1.4 million street trees will be killed by insects from 2020 through 2050, costing an annualized average of US$ 30M. However, these estimates hide substantial variation: 23% of urban centers will experience 95% of all insect-induced mortality, and 90% of all mortality will be due to emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis, EAB). We define an EAB high-impact zone spanning 902,500km2, largely within the Midwest and Northeast, within which we predict the death of 98.8% of all ash trees. "Mortality hotspot cities" facing costs of up to US$ 13.0 million each include Milwaukee, WI, Chicago, IL, and New York, NY. We identify Asian wood borers of maple and oak trees as posing the highest future risk to US urban trees, where a new establishment could cost US$ 4.9B over the same time frame.

Review of the emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), life history, mating behaviours, host plant selection, and host resistance

2015 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese M. Poland ◽  
Yigen Chen ◽  
Jennifer Koch ◽  
Deepa Pureswaran
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Host Plant ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Host Plant Selection ◽  
Plant Selection ◽  
Ash Trees

AbstractAs of summer 2014, the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), has become established in 24 states in the United States of America and has killed tens of millions of ash trees since its introduction into Michigan in the 1990s. Considerable research has been conducted on many aspects of EAB life history, natural history, ecology, and management strategies in an attempt to contain this devastating pest. In this article, we review the life history, mating behaviours, and host plant selection by EAB in North America as well as host resistance to EAB attack.

scholarly journals To Treat or Remove: An Economic Model to Assist in Deciding the Fate of Ash Trees Threatened by Emerald Ash Borer

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
Daniel McKenney ◽  
John Pedlar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Savings ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Existence Value ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Positive Treatment ◽  
Interactive Version ◽  
Gain Loss

A model is presented to assist in deciding the fate of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) threatened by the arrival of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) in North America. The model tracks ongoing treatment costs versus one-time costs associated with removal and replacement. All future values are discounted following standard economic practice. For each year over a period of interest, the net treatment gain/loss is calculated, indicating the period of time over which a homeowner would be financially ahead/behind by treating the existing ash tree. The model was populated, with values that may be expected in Canadian conditions, where treatment options are more limited than in the United States. Optional model features include property value premiums, energy savings, runoff and pollution benefits, and ongoing maintenance costs. When these extended benefits and costs are included, positive treatment gains for a medium-sized ash persist for about 17 years. Negative values can be interpreted as a “break-even existence value,” an amount a homeowner would be required to pay in order to protect their ash if various other benefit flows fail to compensate the costs. An interactive version of the model is available online (http://gmaps.nrcan.gc.ca/apm/index.php).

scholarly journals Short-Term Forecasts of Insect Phenology Inform Pest Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa M Crimmins ◽  
Katharine L Gerst ◽  
Diego G Huerta ◽  
R Lee Marsh ◽  
Erin E Posthumus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ◽  
Adelges Tsugae ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Short Term

Abstract Insect pests cost billions of dollars per year globally, negatively impacting food crops and infrastructure, and contributing to the spread of disease. Timely information regarding developmental stages of pests can facilitate early detection and control, increasing efficiency and effectiveness. In 2018, the U.S. National Phenology Network (USA-NPN) released a suite of ‘Pheno Forecast’ map products relevant to science and management. The Pheno Forecasts include real-time maps and short-term forecasts of insect pest activity at management-relevant spatial and temporal resolutions and are based on accumulated temperature thresholds associated with critical life-cycle stages of economically important pests. Pheno Forecasts indicate, for a specified day, the status of the insect’s target life-cycle stage in real time across the contiguous United States. The maps are available for 12 pest species including the invasive emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire [Coleoptera: Buprestidae]), hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand), and gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar Linnaeus [Lepidoptera: Erebidae]). Preliminary validation based on in-situ observations for hemlock woolly adelgid egg and nymph stages in 2018 indicated the maps to be ≥93% accurate depending on phenophase. Since their release in early 2018, these maps have been adopted by tree care specialists and foresters across the United States. Using a consultative mode of engagement, USA-NPN staff have continuously sought input and critique of the maps and delivery from end users. Based on feedback received, maps have been expanded and modified to include additional species, improved descriptions of the phenophase event of interest, and e-mail-based notifications to support management decisions.

scholarly journals Effects of Low Temperature Exposure on Diapause, Development, and Reproductive Fitness of the Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae): Implications for Voltinism and Laboratory Rearing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian J Duan ◽  
Jonathan M Schmude ◽  
Kristi M Larson
Keyword(s):  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Temperature Exposure ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Low Temperature Exposure

Abstract The emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), native to Northeast Asia, is the most destructive invasive ash (Fraxinus spp.) pest in the United States. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of exposure of diapausing mature fourth instars (J-shaped larvae, JL) of EAB to cool temperatures, either 1.7 or 12.8°C for 1–9 mo, on their post-chill development including adult emergence, longevity, and lifetime fecundity under standard rearing conditions (26 ± 0.5°C, 16:8 h L:D). In addition, we determined the effect of different stages of the larvae chilled at 12.8°C for 3 mo on the subsequent post-chill development to EAB adults. Findings from the study revealed that a period (≥2 mo) of chill at 12.8°C is required for the termination of the EAB diapause. However, chill treatment of the larvae at the near zero temperature (1.7°C) does not result in the post-diapause larval development to adults, regardless of the chill time (1–9 mo). In addition, our results showed that chill treatment of immature young larvae (L1–L4 prior to JL) results in little production of EAB adults, indicating that EAB diapause predominantly as JL. Findings of this study may be useful to laboratory rearing of EAB from eggs through continuous generations and help us understand the pest’s voltinism resulting from the diapause and post-diapause development under different climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Developing a European Toolbox to manage potential invasion by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) and bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius), important pests of ash and birch

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
H F Evans ◽  
D Williams ◽  
G Hoch ◽  
A Loomans ◽  
M Marzano
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
The State ◽  
International Conference ◽  
Considerable Research ◽  
Bronze Birch Borer ◽  
The Subject

Abstract The threats posed by the buprestid beetles emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) and bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius Gory) have been the subject of considerable research, primarily to develop methods for detection and management of the pests. PREPSYS, a Euphresco project, has worked with collaborators globally to assess the ‘state of the art’ for the two insect pests and to identify those measures that would best prepare Europe for potential invasion by the pests, especially emerald ash borer which is now in the western part of Russia and in eastern Ukraine. Building on an excellent exchange of knowledge and discussion at the OECD-sponsored international conference held in Vienna in October 2018, the concept of a European Toolbox to increase preparedness for dealing with the pests has been developed. This includes key components including surveillance, direct intervention, use of natural enemies and increased awareness of the problems associated with the pests. Collaboration is essential in delivering and refining the European Toolbox.

Changes in ash tree demography associated with emerald ash borer invasion, indicated by regional forest inventory data from the Great Lakes States

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 2165-2175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Pugh ◽  
Andrew M. Liebhold ◽  
Randall S. Morin
Keyword(s):  
Great Lakes ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Regional Impacts ◽  
Great Lakes States ◽  
Regional Forest

The emerald ash borer (EAB) ( Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) is a nonnative phloem-feeding beetle that was accidentally introduced near Detroit, Michigan, two to three decades ago. North American ash ( Fraxinus spp.) exhibit little or no resistance, and as this insect species expands its range, extensive mortality results. Previous studies of the impacts of EAB, typical of most insect and disease impact studies, utilized data acquired from sites with known infestations and cannot be used to make regional estimates of change on forest land. By contrast, this study investigated the regional impacts of EAB on the affected resource using information from a large-scale forest inventory (Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service) previously implemented to estimate regional forest resources. Results indicate that since 1980, ash has been increasing throughout many of the Great Lakes States but EAB is reversing this trend in recently invaded areas. Within 50 km of the epicenter of the EAB invasion, a major decline was observed after 2004. For growing stock (trees at least 12.7 cm diameter at breast height), average ash volume decreased from 12.7 to 3.2 m3·ha–1 and mortality increased from 0.1 to 1.4 m3·ha–1·year–1 on timberland between the 2004 and 2009 inventories.

scholarly journals The Potential Economic Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) on Ohio, U.S., Communities

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
T. Davis Sydnor ◽  
Matthew Bumgardner ◽  
Andrew Todd
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pest ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Tree Removal ◽  
Contingency Plans ◽  
Community Boundaries ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
Landscape Value ◽  
Single Insect

A survey of 200 communities with individuals such as urban foresters who have assigned responsibilities for their urban tree resource was conducted to provide baseline data on ash density within Ohio communities. Sixty-seven communities responded, including the five largest cities in Ohio. Data represent 25% of the population of Ohio and 33% of communities surveyed. Losses in landscape value for ash trees within community boundaries were estimated to be between $0.8 (median-based) and $3.4 billion (mean-based) assuming the complete loss of ash resulting from the emerald ash borer (EAB), a recently introduced exotic pest of native ash species in the United States. Tree removal costs would be somewhat smaller and range between $0.7 and $2.9 billion based on reported medians and means, respectively. Tree replacement costs in Ohio communities, including streets, parks, and private properties, would range between $0.3 and $1.3 billion. In aggregate, the total losses for Ohio communities, including ash landscape losses, tree removal and replacements, are estimated to range between $1.8 and $7.6 billion for a single insect pest in a single state. The potential total costs in Ohio are estimated to be between $157,000 and $665,000 per 1000 residents. Communities can use these figures to begin developing contingency plans.

scholarly journals Fungi from Galleries of the Emerald Ash Borer Produce Cankers in Ash Trees

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Nickolas N. Rajtar ◽  
Benjamin W. Held ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Emerald Ash Borer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
White Ash ◽  
Agar Plug ◽  
Ash Trees

The emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis) is a devastating invasive pest that has killed millions of ash trees in the United States and Canada. EAB was discovered in the US in 2002 and first reported in Minnesota in 2009. It attacks ash trees that are native to the United States, including Fraxinus americana (white ash), F. nigra (black ash) and F. pennsylvanica (green ash). It also attacks Chionanthus virginicus (white fringe tree). Seven species of fungi isolated and identified only from EAB-infested trees in a previous study as having the potential to cause cankers were used to test their pathogenicity in F. americana (white ash). The fungi used were Cytospora pruinosa, Diplodia mutila, Diplodia seriata, Paraconiothyrium brasiliense, Phaeoacremonium minimum, Phaeoacremonium scolyti, and Thyronectria aurigera. Two field experiments that used F. americana used two inoculation methods: woodchip and agar plug inoculations. Results indicated that all of the fungi tested caused cankers in varying amounts, as compared to the controls. The largest cankers were caused by D. mutila (270 mm2), C. pruinosa (169 mm2), and D. seriata (69 mm2). All fungi except for T. aurigera were re-isolated and sequenced to confirm Kochs’ postulates. Canker-causing fungi found in association with EAB galleries have the potential to contribute to tree dieback and mortality.

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