scholarly journals Growth Partitioning Three Years Following Structural Pruning of Quercus virginiana

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Jason Grabosky
Keyword(s):  
Growth Suppression ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
Growth Partitioning ◽  
Crosssectional Area

One codominant stem on each of 48 similar Quercus virginiana Highrise® trees was pruned to evaluate impact of pruning severity on growth suppression and partitioning. Targeted pruning severity (0, 25, 50 or 75% foliage and subtending branches removed) based on visual estimates of two people correlated well (r2 = 0.87) with the ratio stem cross-sectional area removed: crosssectional area at base of the pruned codominant stem. Pruning reduced cross-sectional area growth on codominant stems compared to the leader stem that was not pruned, especially during the first 12 months following pruning. Increased pruning severity reduced cross-sectional area growth on the pruned stem in proportion to amount of foliage removed. In each of three years following pruning, cross-sectional area of the unpruned leader stem increased more on trees receiving targeted pruning severities of 25% or 50% than trees pruned with the 75% severity or trees not pruned. Shift in growth from the pruned to unpruned portion of the tree reduced diameter ratio between the two stems, which should make the union stronger. Diameter ratio changed most for the 75% pruning severity.

DETERMINATION OF THE FUNCTION OF THE ROD’S CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA USING VIBRATION EIGENFREQUENCIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (4) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
I.M. UTYASHEV ◽  
◽  
A.A. AITBAEVA ◽  
A.A. YULMUKHAMETOV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Variable Cross ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Longitudinal Vibrations ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Method Error ◽  
Various Boundary Conditions ◽  
Elastic Fixation ◽  
Crosssectional Area

The paper presents solutions to the direct and inverse problems on longitudinal vibrations of a rod with a variable cross-sectional area. The law of variation of the cross-sectional area is modeled as an exponential function of a polynomial of degree n . The method for reconstructing this function is based on representing the fundamental system of solutions of the direct problem in the form of a Maclaurin series in the variables x and λ. Examples of solutions for various section functions and various boundary conditions are given. It is shown that to recover n unknown coefficients of a polynomial, n eigenvalues are required, and the solution is dual. An unambiguous solution was obtained only for the case of elastic fixation at one of the rod’s ends. The numerical estimation of the method error was made using input data noise. It is shown that the error in finding the variable crosssectional area is less than 1% with the error in the eigenvalues of longitudinal vibrations not exceeding 0.0001.

scholarly journals REDUCTION PROCESS OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA AT RIVER MOUTH

1986 ◽  
Vol 1 (20) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Takuzo Shimizu ◽  
Kosuke Kondo ◽  
Ryoichi Kajima
Keyword(s):  
River Mouth ◽  
Reduction Process ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Tidal Prism ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reduction Processes ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Crosssectional Area

Reduction processes of the cross-sectional area at a river mouth were investigated on the basis of numerical simulations and field measurements, in order to predict the possibility of closing of the mouth of the Samegawa River, Fukushima, Japan. As a result, it was found that the decrease in tidal prism, induced by a reduction of the cross-sectional area, had an important effect on the closing of the river mouth. By considering this effect and estimating the sediment transport rate properly, a practical prediction model was successfully established for simulating the reduction processes of the crosssectional area at the river mouth.

scholarly journals Nerve ultrasound in the assessment of cross-sectional area in healthy children

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
M. A. Bedova ◽  
A. V. Klimkin ◽  
V. B. Voitenkov ◽  
N. V. Skripchenko
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Technical Equipment ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Nerve Ultrasound ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Group 13 ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Crosssectional Area

Introduction. Nerve ultrasound continues to progress due to improved technical equipment and knowledge, but so far not enough research has been done to determine the normative values of the cross-sectional area in children, and the obtained results differ between laboratories and researchers.Aim of the study. To determine the normative values of peripheral nerves» cross-sectional area in children 5–18 years old.Materials and methods. High resolution nerve ultrasound of brachial plexus, median, ulnar, radial, femoral, sciatic, tibial and peroneal nerves was performed in 30 children in real time. Nerve trunks were visualized throughout the limb from both sides. The cross-sectional area of the nerves was measured by a manual tracing method with the rounding of the hypoechogenic contours of the nerve trunk. Nerves’ crosssectional area was measured at distal and proximal sites. The obtained data were statistically processed using Excel and Statistica 10.Results. No bilateral cross-sectional area’s differences were found in children. Boys had significantly thicker nerves compared to girls, older age group (13–17 years old) compared to younger ones. There was a significant correlation between cross-sectional area of the median nerve at the level of the wrist, sciatic nerve and children’ height and weight.Conclusions. The normal values of cross-sectional area in children can be used in the practical work of a neurologists, neurophysiologists and ultrasound technicians.

Channel Morphology Below Reservoir Storage Projects

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G. Buma ◽  
J. Chadwick Day
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Stream Channel ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Channel Changes ◽  
Reservoir Storage ◽  
Crosssectional Area

Reservoir storage projects are known to alter significantly the environmental settings in which they are established. Extensive data are required to assess quantitatively the physical effects of human interference with rivers. Methodologies must be developed to permit continual monitoring of such changes, so that environmental effects of storage projects may be considered in more integrated, comprehensive plans than hitherto for future river-development efforts.This study documents stream-channel changes over a five-years period following reservoir completion at eight cross-sections on the main stream below a dam and on one tributary. Of eight main-stream sections, four are increasing in cross-sectional area, namely numbers one, five, six, and seven. Of these, the crosssectional area of numbers one and seven is increasing laterally and that of five and six is increasing vertically. The average annual degradation of sections five and six is 0.092 m over the study period, compared with an average of 0.031 m in the United States over the first 10–15 years after dam closure. Sections three, eight, and nine, are shitfing laterally without a crosssectional area increase, while of sections 2 and 4 the cross-sectional area remained largely unchanged.Extraction of most of the sediment load by the new reservoir led to increased erosion of the stream channel below the dam. However, it is not always predictable whether the increased erosive power of released clearwater will induce the ongoing channel to erode its bed, widen its section, or cause the bed to move laterally. Nearly all of the nine Deer Creek study sections experienced one of these changes over the study period of five years.

A seriatim study, using ultrasonic measurements, of fat depth and m. longissimus area in Hereford bulls, steers and heifers under grazing conditions

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Truscott ◽  
N. M. Tulloh ◽  
D. E. Whitfield
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Simple Correlation ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Muscle Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Crosssectional Area ◽  
Measurement Period

AbastractMeasurements of live weight and of ultrasonic (Scanogram) fat depth and m. longissimus cross-sectional area at the 12th/13th rib were taken at 4— to 6-week intervals from 10 to 35 months of age (23 occasions) on 15 Hereford males (bulls), 15 castrate males (steers) and 15 females (heifers) managed under grazing conditions.Mean rates of live-weight change throughout the measurement period (0·51, 0·47 and 0·39 kg/day for bulls, steers and heifers, respectively) were significantly different. When compared at the same ages, fat depth was similar in the steers and heifers, beginning at about 3 mm and increasing to 11 mm. Fat depth changed little in the bulls, beginning at 1·7 mm and increasing to 3 mm. At the same age, bulls had larger m. longissimus cross-sectional areas than steers and steers had larger muscle cross-sectional areas than heifers.Absolute variation within sex groups increased throughout the experiment in live weight and fat depth, but not in m. longissimus crosssectional area. Simple correlation coefficients, pooled within sex groups, of relationships between the same measurements at various measuring occasions, indicated that measurements of fat depth and of muscle cross-sectional area at 10 to 12 months of age are poor indicators of these measurements at periods of 6 months or more later in life.When compared at the same live weights, heifers had the greatest and bulls had the smallest fat depth and, within animals, fat depth was closely related to live weight. At any live weight, m. longissimus cross-sectional area was less in heifers than in steers and bulls, which were not significantly different from each other in this trait. Equations relating fat depth and muscle area to live weight are presented and, under the conditions of this study, indicate that there is no basis for adjustment of fat depth for live weight in bulls subjected to contemporaneous selection.

scholarly journals Production Method and Irrigation Effects Postplanting Root Morphology of Quercus virginiana

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 605f-606
Author(s):  
Michael D. Marshall ◽  
Edward F. Gilman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Root Number ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Quercus Virginiana ◽  
Irrigation Effects

Quercus virginiana trees were container-grown (CG) or field-grown (FG) to a mean trunk diameter of 9.4 cm (3.7 inches), transplanted into sandy soil, and established with frequent or periodic irrigation. Three years after transplanting, trees were harvested with a 1.5-m- (60-inch-) diameter tree spade. Root number and root cross-sectional area was evaluated at the periphery of the tree spade-dug root ball. Despite similar increases in trunk diameter, FG trees had greater root number and root cross-sectional area than CG trees. The increase in root cross-sectional area occurred for roots 5 to 20 mm in diameter at the 0- to 25-cm and 75- to 100-cm soil depths. Irrigation frequency after transplanting had no effect on root number in FG trees; however, root number in CG trees decreased without frequent irrigation.

Bud production of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii) seedlings: response to shrub and hardwood competition

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 1300-1304 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Tappeiner II ◽  
Thomas F. Hughes ◽  
Steven D. Tesch
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Area Growth

Shrubs and hardwoods in five plantations of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in southwestern Oregon were treated to obtain four or five levels of competition; cover ranged from 0 (complete control) to 100% (no treatment). On four of the five plantations, Douglas-fir seedlings significantly increased bud production on the leader in the first growing season after treatment. Buds were more responsive to level of competition than were leader length or growth in stem diameter, for which significant differences were not usually observed until the second growing season after treatment. Bud number on the leader apparently is a good indicator of seedling vigor. Leader, stem diameter, and stem cross-sectional area growth in the 2nd and 3rd years after treatment were positively correlated with the number of buds produced on the leader in the first growing season following treatment.

scholarly journals Ventilation of molds for die casting

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-37
Author(s):  
A. M. Mikhaltsov ◽  
A. A. Pivovarchyk
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Metal ◽  
Friction Factor ◽  
Die Casting ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Gas Content ◽  
Thin Wall ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ventilation Ducts ◽  
Crosssectional Area

This paper describes the factors that affect gas content in castings during pressure molding. The possibility of removing air and gases from the cavity of the mold through the ventilation channels in the process of filling it with liquid metal is considered. It is shown that the previously used assumption about the outflow of gases from the mold as through a hole in a thin wall is not correct. The calculations, taking into account the friction factor in narrow ventilation ducts, showed that the required crosssectional area of the ventilation ducts increases 4–6 times with a depth of 0,12 mm. If the obtained value of the cross-sectional area of the ventilation ducts is not possible to realize, at a given depth, it is proposed to use an accompanying vacuum to solve the problem.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Fecal Calprotectin, D-Lactic Acid and Bedside Gastrointestinal Ultrasound Image Data for the Prediction of Acute Gastrointestinal Injury in Sepsis Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junlu Li ◽  
Yanbo Ren ◽  
Chang Gao ◽  
Kaili Zhang ◽  
Fuwen Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Gastric Antrum ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Outer Diameter ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: To investigate the early warning and prognostic evaluation of fecal calprotectin (FC), D-lactic acid, and bedside gastrointestinal ultrasound (B-GIUS) data for acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) in sepsis patients.Main Method: Sepsis patients were grouped based on the presence or absence of AGI into AGI and non-AGI groups. Healthy volunteers of the same period were selected as the control group. FC, B-GIUS data, D-lactic acid, etc. were collected on the 1st, 3rd and 7th days of admission. Twenty-eight-day mortality was recorded.Main Results: FC, D-lactic acid levels, gastric antrum cross-sectional area, and small intestine wall thickness were significantly increased in group A and B (P < 0.05); furthermore, inner-to-outer diameter ratio and cross-sectional area of small intestine were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). FC, D-lactic acid, gastric antrum cross-sectional area and small intestine wall thickness in AGI group were higher than those in non-AGI group (P < 0.05). Inner-to-outer diameter ratio and cross-sectional area of small intestine in AGI group were smaller than those in non-AGI group (P < 0.05). There was no difference in the thickness, inner-to-outer diameter ratio nor the cross-sectional area ratio of colon between AGI and non-AGI groups (P > 0.05). AUC for D-lactic acid was 0.881, which was higher than FC's (0.74). When the D-lactic acid cutoff value was 22.16 μmol/L, the sensitivity was 77.9% and the specificity was 92% for the prediction of AGI in sepsis. AUC for the cross-sectional area of the gastrointestinal antrum was 0.657, which was higher than the small intestine thickness's (0.629). When the gastric antrum cross-sectional area was larger than 4.20 cm2, the sensitivity was 64% and the specificity was 65.3%.Conclusion: D-Lactic acid and FC were early diagnostic indicators for sepsis with AGI, and D-lactic acid was the superior indicator. The gastric antrum cross-sectional area and the small intestine wall thickness had an early warning effect, and the prediction of the gastric antrum cross-sectional area was superior to that of the latter. Because it is non-invasive and convenient, B-GIUS can help in the diagnosis of sepsis with AGI.

Characteristics of trees damaged by sugar maple borer, Glycobiusspeciosus (Say)

1982 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-744 ◽  
Author(s):  
William G. Newton ◽  
Douglas C. Allen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Sugar Maples ◽  
Area Growth ◽  
History Of

The distribution, abundance, and characteristics of sugar maples (Acersaccharum Marsh.) at time of attack by sugar maple borer, Glycobiusspeciosus (Say), were determined on 1.9 ha in Wanakena, New York. Twenty-six percent (n = 78) of the maple stems in the study area were damaged. Average dbh of trees attacked remained the same throughout the 40-year history of the infestation. Mean dbh of trees at time of attack by sugar maple borer was 18.7 cm. Percent cross-sectional area growth at breast height in control trees (3.7%) was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than growth of attacked trees (1.9%) the year preceeding year of attack. Annual mean percentage growth of successfully attacked trees declined 5–10 years prior to year of attack. The cryptic nature of much borer damage indicates that previous estimates of impact are conservative.

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